http://amborella.net/2010PlantSystematics/DATA/3-24-APG%202003%20Bot%20J%20Linn%20Soc%20APGII.pdf

An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II

BIOE 402. Medical Technology Assessment. 2 or 3 hours. Bioentrepreneur course. Assessment of medical technology in the context of commercialization. Objectives, competition, market share, funding, pricing, manufacturing, growth, and intellectual property; many issues unique to biomedical products. Course Information: 2 undergraduate hours. 3 graduate hours. Prerequisite(s): Junior standing or above and consent of the instructor.

“Bioinformatics” 특집을 내면서

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1096-0031.1994.tb00181.x

Testing significance of incongruence

A molecular systematic study of Scrophulariaceae sensu lato using DNA sequences of three plastid genes (rbcL, ndhF, and rps2) revealed at least five distinct monophyletic groups. Thirty-nine genera representing 24 tribes of the Scrophulariaceae s.l. (sensu lato) were analyzed along with representatives of 15 other families of Lamiales. The Scrophulariaceae s.s. (sensu stricto) include part or all of tribes Aptosimeae, Hemimerideae, Leucophylleae, Manuleae, Selagineae, and Verbasceae (5 Scrophularieae) and the conventional families Buddlejaceae and Myoporaceae. Veronicaceae includes all or part of tribes Angelonieae, Antirrhineae, Cheloneae, Digitaleae, and Gratioleae and the conventional families Callitrichaceae, Globulariaceae, Hippuridaceae, and Plantaginaceae. The Orobanchaceae include tribes Buchnereae, Rhinantheae, and the conventional Orobanchaceae. All sampled members of Orobanchaceae are parasitic, except Lindenbergia, which is sister to the rest of the family. Family Calceolariaceae Olmstead is newly erected herein to recognize the phylogenetic distinctiveness of tribe Calceolarieae. The Calceolariaceae are close to the base of the Lamiales. The Stilbaceae are expanded by the inclusion of Halleria. Mimulus does not belong in any of these five groups.

http://depts.washington.edu/phylo/OlmsteadPubs/AJB.Disintegration.pdf

Disintegration of the scrophulariaceae.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genetics of Sensitivity to Environmental Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Control by Day Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Control of floral evocation and morphogenesis

Vascular Plants of Russia and Adjacent States (The Former USSR).

Cladistics and family level classification of the gentianales

1. Gentianaceae in context V. A. Albert and L. Struwe 2. Systematics, character evolution and biogeography of Gentianaceae, including a new tribal and subtribal classification L. Struwe, J. Kadereit, J. Klackenberg, S. Nilsson, M. Thiv, B. von Hagen and V. A. Albert 3. Cladistics of Gentianaceae: a morphological approach S. Meszaros, J. De Laet, V. Goethals, E. Smets and S. Nilsson 4. Gentianaceae - a review of palynology S. Nilsson 5. The seeds of Gentianaceae F. Bouman, L. Cobb, N. Devente, V. Goethals, P. J. M. Maas and E. Smets 6. Chemotaxonomy and pharmacology of Gentianaceae S. R. Jensen and J. Schripsema Index.

Gentianaceae : Systematics and Natural History

Aim
We investigated the historical biogeography and diversification of Gentiana L. (Gentianaceae). Our study depicts the origin and dispersal routes of this alpine genus, and the role of the uplift of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) and past climate changes as triggers for its diversification.

Location
Tibeto-Himalayan region and world-wide mountain habitats.

Methods
Our sampling represents more than 50% of the extant Gentiana species, including all sections across their entire geographical ranges. We investigated the evolutionary history of Gentiana using phylogenetic reconstructions (maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference) of ITS, atpB–rbcL and trnL–trnF sequences, as well as molecular dating with beast. We tested two approaches of ancestral area reconstructions (DEC, DIVA) in BioGeoBEARS and investigated diversification rates using BAMM.

Results
The common ancestor of Gentiana and subtribe Gentianinae lived in the QTP region at around 34 (25–45) million years ago (Ma), and 40 (29–52) Ma respectively. From the surroundings of the QTP, Gentiana lineages dispersed to eastern China, Taiwan, Europe, North and South America, Australia and New Guinea, from mid-Miocene onward (c. 15 Ma–present), with only one older dispersal event to Europe (c. 37–21 Ma). Diversification rates gradually increased over time, and two switches of diversification rates were identified in Gentianinae (c. 7 Ma, simultaneously in the Pneumonanthe/Cruciata lineage and in Tripterospermum).

Main conclusions
Gentiana existed in the QTP region throughout most of its uplift history following the India-Asia collision. This region acted as the primary source area for dispersals to many areas of the world. Because steady increase in diversification rates coincides with the extension of the QTP, we argue that the museum theory rather than the explosive radiation theory prevails for gentians in this region, although rare shifts of diversification rates are associated with niche shifts across the alpine/subalpine ecotone.

Out‐of‐Tibet: the spatio‐temporal evolution of Gentiana (Gentianaceae)

The monotypic taxon Saccifolium bandeirae has been collected twice, on each of the highest peaks of Sierra de la Neblina, which lies on the BrazilVenezuela border. Saccifolium was described into its own family because of its distinct characteristics. The genus has unique, saccate leaves, a shrubby habit, and Gentianaleslike flowers that have a peculiar nectary-like disk at the inside base of the calyx. Saccifolium has been hypothesized to be closely related to Gentianaceae, but no phylogenetic studies have been made until now. We have determined or accessed databased sequences of the trriL intron from Saccifolium as well as 105 Gentianaceae. These data were analyzed together with sequences from 45 outgroup taxa representing other families in Gentianales and Asteridae. In the resulting most-parsimonous and parsimony jackknife trees, Gentianaceae is divided into five well-supported clades: (A) Exacum plus Ornichia, Tachiadenus, and Sebaea , (B) Blackstonia plus Canscora, Centaurium, Chironia , Cicendia, Coutoubea, Deianira , Eustoma, Geniostemon , Hoppea, Ixanthus, Orphium, Sabatia , Schinziella, Schultesia, Symphyllophyton , and Xestaea , (C) Calolisyanthus plus Chelonanthus, Irlbachia, Macrocarpaea, Neblinantha, Symbolanthus, Tachia, Tetrapollinia , and Wurdackanthus, (D) Anthocleista plus Djaloniella, Enicostema, Fagraea, Faroa, Lisianthius , Neurotheca , Potalia, Pychnosphaera, and Urogentias, and (E) Bartonia plus Chiono gentias, Comastoma, Frasera , Gentiana , Gentianella, Gentianopsis, Halenia , Jaeschkea, Lomatogonium, Megacodon , Obolaria, Saccifolium, Swertia, and Veratrilla. Clade A is well supported as the most basal gentian lineage, followed by clade B and clades C, D, and E, which are individually well supported but poorly resolved with respect to one another. Saccifolium appears to be the sister group of Gentiana (which is present in the Andes) and has a basal position in clade E (subtribe Gentianinae Gilg pro parte), a derived clade comprising globally distributed temperate-alpine gentians. Saccifolium is the only member of this clade present on the Guayana or Brazilian Shields and is not closely related to any other genera of Gentianaceae from these areas. The resemblance of Saccifolium flowers to those of some North American Gentiana species and Obolaria suggests that Saccifolium may be a derived member of a northern clade and potentially a relic from a ca. 40-million-year-old boreotropical distribution of Gentianinae. Field studies are necessary to clarify morphological and ecological attributes of Saccifolium, including whether its pouched leaves could aid in nutrient uptake (e.g., via carnivory).

https://www.jstor.org/stable/info/41761569

Saccifolium (Saccifoliaceae), an endemic of Sierra de la Neblina on the Brazilian-Venezuelan border, is related to a temperate-alpine lineage of Gentianaceae

Lena Struwe

Papers

Vascular Plants of Russia and Adjacent States (The Former USSR).

Cladistics and family level classification of the gentianales

Gentianaceae : Systematics and Natural History

Out‐of‐Tibet: the spatio‐temporal evolution of Gentiana (Gentianaceae)

Saccifolium (Saccifoliaceae), an endemic of Sierra de la Neblina on the Brazilian-Venezuelan border, is related to a temperate-alpine lineage of Gentianaceae