Research efforts on 3DTV technology have been strengthened worldwide recently, covering the whole media processing chain from capture to display. Different 3DTV systems rely on different 3D scene representations that integrate various types of data. Efficient coding of these data is crucial for the success of 3DTV. Compression of pixel-type data including stereo video, multiview video, and associated depth or disparity maps extends available principles of classical video coding. Powerful algorithms and open international standards for multiview video coding and coding of video plus depth data are available and under development, which will provide the basis for introduction of various 3DTV systems and services in the near future. Compression of 3D mesh models has also reached a high level of maturity. For static geometry, a variety of powerful algorithms are available to efficiently compress vertices and connectivity. Compression of dynamic 3D geometry is currently a more active field of research. Temporal prediction is an important mechanism to remove redundancy from animated 3D mesh sequences. Error resilience is important for transmission of data over error prone channels, and multiple description coding (MDC) is a suitable way to protect data. MDC of still images and 2D video has already been widely studied, whereas multiview video and 3D meshes have been addressed only recently. Intellectual property protection of 3D data by watermarking is a pioneering research area as well. The 3D watermarking methods in the literature are classified into three groups, considering the dimensions of the main components of scene representations and the resulting components after applying the algorithm. In general, 3DTV coding technology is maturating. Systems and services may enter the market in the near future. However, the research area is relatively young compared to coding of other types of media. Therefore, there is still a lot of room for improvement and new development of algorithms.

Coding Algorithms for 3DTV—A Survey

Cyber situational awareness – A systematic review of the literature

An architecture and supporting methods are presented for the implementation of a resilient condition assessment monitoring system that can adaptively accommodate both cyber and physical anomalies to a monitored system under observation. In particular, the architecture includes three layers: information, assessment, and sensor selection. The information layer estimates probability distributions of process variables based on sensor measurements and assessments of the quality of sensor data. Based on these estimates, the assessment layer then employs probabilistic reasoning methods to assess the plant health. The sensor selection layer selects sensors so that assessments of the plant condition can be made within desired time periods. Resilient features of the developed system are then illustrated by simulations of a simplified power plant model, where a large portion of the sensors are under attack.

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A resilient condition assessment monitoring system

Through the propagation of technology in recent years, people communicate in a range of ways via multimedia. The use of multimedia technique in healthcare system also makes it possible to store, process and transfer the patient’s data presented in variety of forms such as images, text and audio through online using various smart objects. Healthcare organizations around the world are transforming themselves into more efficient, coordinated and user-centered systems through various multimedia techniques. However, the management of huge amount data such as reports and images of every person leads to increase the human efforts and security risks. In order to overcome these issues, IoT in healthcare enhances the quality of patients care and reduce the cost by allocating the medical resources in an efficient way. However, a number of threats can occur in IoT devices initiated by various intruders. Sometimes, in order to make their personal profit, even though the medical shop or pathology labs are not of good reputation, the doctors forced the patients to do the lab tests, or buy the medicines from those organizations only. Therefore, security should be at the staple of outlook in IoT elucidations. In order to prevent these issues, Blockchain technology has been encountered as the best technique that provides the secrecy and protection of control system in real time conditions. In this manuscript, we will provide a security framework of healthcare multimedia data through blockchain technique by generating the hash of each data so that any change or alteration in data or breaching of medicines may be reflected in entire blockchain network users. The results have been analyzed against conventional approach and validated with improved simulated results that offer 86% success rate over product drop ratio, falsification attack, worm hole attack and probabilistic authentication scenarios because of Blockchain technique.

A hybrid framework for multimedia data processing in IoT-healthcare using blockchain technology

Model-Data Fusion

In applied sciences there is a tendency to rely on terminology that is either ill-defined or applied inconsistently across areas of research and application domains. Examples in information assurance include the terms resilience, robustness and survivability, where there exists subtle shades of meaning between researchers. These nuances can result in confusion and misinterpretations of goals and results, hampering communication and complicating collaboration. In this paper, we propose security-related definitions for these terms. Using this terminology, we argue that research in these areas must consider the functionality of the system holistically, beginning with a careful examination of what we actually want the system to do. We note that much of the published research focuses on a single aspect of a system -- availability -- as opposed to the system's ability to complete its function without disclosing confidential information or, to a lesser extent, with the correct output. Finally, we discuss ways in which researchers can explore resilience with respect to integrity, availability and confidentiality.

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Resilience is more than availability

Biometrics are physiological features that allow individuals to be identified. Popular biometrics include fingerprints, faces, and irises. A common use of biometric systems is to authenticate users desiring access to a system or resource. Universal Access can be promoted with biometrics. Biometrics provide a secure way to access information technology, although the use of biometrics presents challenges and opportunities unique to other authentication methods (such as passwords and tokens). Biometric systems are also vulnerable to poor usability. Such systems must be engineered with wide user accessibility and acceptability in mind, but also need to provide robust security. This paper considers the application of biometrics in Universal Access systems with regards to usability and security.

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Secure, usable biometric authentication systems

Recent advances in video compression and 3D displays have necessitated a further understanding and development of 3D video coding algorithms The emergence of low cost autostereoscopic displays is expected to drive the growth of 3DTV services This paper discusses key issues that affect the quality of 3D video experience on autostereoscopic displays The characteristics of the human visual system can be exploited to compress individual stereo views at different qualities without affecting the perceptual quality of the 3D video The H264/AVC video coding algorithm was used to compress each view We examine the bounds of asymmetric stereo view compression and its relationship to eye-dominance based on a user study This paper also presents the design and development of a modular video player with stereoscopic and multi-view capabilities including a discussion of useful tools for accelerating the development and enhancing flexibility The experimental results indicate that eye-dominance influences 3D perception and as a result will impact the coding efficiency of 3D video

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Design and evaluation of a 3D video system based on H.264 view coding

The use of network data visualization tools for cyber security is particularly challenging when large amounts of diverse data are displayed and continuously updated. These real-time changes can be used for context-sensitive decision making, but are impeded by a lack of expressive visualization techniques. In this work, we propose a new method for the visualization of network traffic - virtual worlds. These three-dimensional, immersive environments allow the representation of data and metrics within an expressive environment intuitive to many users. Furthermore, they provide a unique medium for users to collaborate in identifying and isolating security vulnerabilities. We provide a description of the system for situational awareness and proposed experiment involving cognitive processes of human vision, perception and action.

Cognitive cyber situational awareness using virtual worlds

Cyber attacks remain elusive and are increasingly effective. Information security professionals regularly monitor network resources and cyber security websites with an interest in understanding how such threats expose their enterprise's vulnerabilities and dependencies. However, information must be persistently and purposefully examined from a multitude of resources in order to establish context and situational awareness. This in turn, enables organizations to perceive, anticipate and counteract threats before they occur and helps assure their ability to accomplish their missions. Global information must be transformed into timely and local actionable knowledge. To achieve this, cyber event data coupled with knowledge of the semantic interrelationships between other location, object, agent, and event entities need to be factored to facilitate a clearer understanding of the total cyber landscape. In this work, we introduce an ontology driven framework comprising of a dynamic knowledge base, a functional and self-updating mission model, and the associated information and complex event processing capabilities. We focus the description of the system on cyber mission information needs, whereby collection, processing, management and mission model updates are based on cyber-related information from a variety of resources including commercial news, blogs, wikis, and social media sources. The result is a dynamic capability for cyber mission management that provides proactive, on demand cyber information to analysts, professionals, policy makers, and support personnel.

Liam M. Mayron

Papers

Resilience is more than availability

Secure, usable biometric authentication systems

Design and evaluation of a 3D video system based on H.264 view coding

Cognitive cyber situational awareness using virtual worlds

A perceptually-relevant model-based cyber threat prediction method for enterprise mission assurance