Bound pesticide residues in soils: a review.

The analysis of the coherent data on nonextractable (bound) residues (NER) from the literature and EU pesticide registration dossiers allows the identification of general trends, in spite of the large variability and heterogeneity of data About 50% of the pesticides reviewed exhibit a low proportion of NER (less than 30% of the initial amount) while only 12% of pesticides have a proportion of NER exceeding 70% The lowest proportion of NER was found for dinitroanilines (<20%), and the largest value was obtained for carbamates, and in particular dithiocarbamates The presence of chemical reactive groups, such as aniline or phenol, tends to yield a larger proportion of NER NER originating from N-heteroatomic ring were found to be lower than those from phenyl-ring structures Among the environmental factors affecting the formation of NER, microbial activity has a direct and significant effect Concerning the NER uptake or their bioavailability, consistent data suggest that only a small percentage of the total amounts of NER can be released The analysis of NER formation kinetics showed that incubation experiments are often stopped too early to allow a correct evaluation of the NER maturation phase Therefore, there is a need for longer term experiments to evaluate the tail of the NER formation kinetics Still, the heterogeneity of the NER data between pesticides and for specific pesticides calls for great care in the interpretation of the data and their generalization

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Formation of pesticide nonextractable (bound) residues in soil: magnitude, controlling factors and reversibility.

It has been known for more than 20 years that when some pesticides,1 or their degradation products, enter soil they become bound to the organic matter or clay mineral fraction of the soil (Bailey and White 1964). In this bound state they are very difficult to extract and characterize, and tend to lose their biological activity. Because of the difficulty in extraction and identification it was generally only possible to demonstrate the presence of these soil bound residues with the use of radiolabeled pesticides. Many of those pesticides formerly believed to be readily degraded and “lost” from soil, were later shown to form these bound residues, formerly undetected, and it became apparent that the concept of persistent and non-persistent residues needed reconsideration (Katan et al. 1976).

The Occurrence and Significance of Bound Pesticide Residues in Soil

DISCLAIMER The use of company or product name(s) is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. A Toxicological Profile for pyrethrins and pyrethroids, Draft for Public Comment was released in September, 2001. This edition supersedes any previously released draft or final profile. Toxicological profiles are revised and republished as necessary, but no less than once every three years. For information regarding the update status of previously released profiles, contact ATSDR at: Toxicological Profiles are a unique compilation of toxicological information on a given hazardous substance. Each profile reflects a comprehensive and extensive evaluation, summary, and interpretation of available toxicologic and epidemiologic information on a substance. Health care providers treating patients potentially exposed to hazardous substances will find the following information helpful for fast answers to often-asked questions. Chapter 1: Public Health Statement: The Public Health Statement can be a useful tool for educating patients about possible exposure to a hazardous substance. It explains a substance's relevant toxicologic properties in a nontechnical, question-and-answer format, and it includes a review of the general health effects observed following exposure. Chapter 3: Health Effects: Specific health effects of a given hazardous compound are reported by type of health effect (death, systemic, immunologic, reproductive), by route of exposure, and by length of exposure (acute, intermediate, and chronic). In addition, both human and animal studies are reported in this section. NOTE: Not all health effects reported in this section are necessarily observed in the clinical setting. Please refer to the Public Health Statement to identify general health effects observed following exposure. The following additional material can be ordered through the ATSDR Information Center: Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Taking an Exposure History—The importance of taking an exposure history and how to conduct one are described, and an example of a thorough exposure history is provided. Other case studies of interest include Reproductive and Developmental Hazards; Skin Lesions and Environmental Exposures; Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Pesticide Toxicity; and numerous chemical-specific case studies. viii PYRETHRINS AND PYRETHROIDS Managing Hazardous Materials Incidents is a three-volume set of recommendations for on-scene (prehospital) and hospital medical management of patients exposed during a hazardous materials incident. Volumes I and II are planning guides to assist first responders and hospital emergency department personnel in planning for incidents that involve hazardous materials. Volume III— Medical Management Guidelines for Acute Chemical Exposures—is a guide for health care professionals …

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Toxicological profile for pyrethrins and pyrethroids

The current state of knowledge of the main aspects regarding the behaviour and fate of pesticide residues in the soil environment is reviewed in this article. Once a pesticide is introduced into the environment, whether by application, disposal, or a spill, it can be influenced by many processes. Physical and chemical properties of the pesticide, site characteristics, such as soil, geology, and vegetation, environmental conditions, crop management systems, and chemical handling practices can all affect each process. Each factor must be considered when determining the likelihood of pesticide movement and off-target effect. These fate processes can have both positive (they can bring a pesticide in contact with the target pest) and negative (leading to injury of nontarget plants and animals) influences on a pesticide's effectiveness or its impact on the environment. Processes responsible for accumulation, movement and disappearance of pesticides in the soil and the factors involved in their dynamics are assessed. Also, the environmental significance of the formation of bound residues and some techniques used currently for remediation of pesticide-contaminated soils are discussed according to the recent researches.

https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/2344189.pdf

Review. An overview on the environmental behaviour of pesticide residues in soils

Persistence, degradation, and distribution of deltamethrin in an organic soil under laboratory conditions

Reaction of diazomethane with chlorothalonil

To determine the clinical efficacy of Zuqing Xu 'Wuduling' powder for snake injury on the swelling of the affected limb bitten by Agkistrodon halys. Sixty-five patients with Agkistrodon halys bite were assigned to a treatment group (n = 35) or control group (n = 30). The treatment group was additionally given 'Wuduling' powder dressing locally based on the therapy to the control group with conventional Western medicine. Clinical efficacy and improvement of traditional Chinese medicine symptoms and signs in the two groups were evaluated. The treatment group showed a notably higher cure rate than the control group. After 3 days of therapy, the swelling and pain of the affected limb in the treatment group were greatly alleviated. Additionally, after 7 days of therapy, the swelling and pain of the affected limb in the treatment group were more greatly alleviated, and those in the control group were also alleviated. The comparison of the two groups during the same period showed more obvious alleviation of swelling and pain in the treatment group than that in the other. Moreover, the treatment group experienced notably shorter disappearing time of swelling and pain than the control group. After treatment, the levels of CRP, TBIL, Cr, ALT, AST, BUN, CK, LDH and CK-MB in both groups declined notably, with notably lower levels of them in the treatment group than those in the other. Zuqing Xu 'Wuduling' powder for snake injury can substantially alleviate the swelling and local pain of affected limbs bitten by Agkistrodon halys.

Lian-zhong Zhang

Papers

Persistence, degradation, and distribution of deltamethrin in an organic soil under laboratory conditions

Reaction of diazomethane with chlorothalonil

The clinical efficacy of Zuqing Xu "Wuduling" powder for snake injury on the swelling of the affected limb bitten by Agkistrodon halys.