Movement control in skilled motor performance.

The multiple-trace simulation model, MINERVA 2, was applied to a number of phenomena found in experiments on relative and absolute judgments of frequency, and forced-choice and yes-no recognition memory. How the basic model deals with effects of repetition, forgetting, list length, orientation task, selective retrieval, and similarity and how a slightly modified version accounts for effects of contextual variability on frequency judgments were shown. Two new experiments on similarity and recognition memory were presented, together with appropriate simulations; attempts to modify the model to deal with additional phenomena were also described. Questions related to the representation of frequency are addressed, and the model is evaluated and compared with related models of frequency judgments and recognition memory.

Judgments of frequency and recognition memory in a multiple-trace memory model.

https://psycnet.apa.org/journals/bul/89/1/133.pdf

Foreperiod and simple reaction time.

The role of location indexes in spatial perception: a sketch of the FINST spatial-index model.

A conceptual framework employing the distinction between stimulus-centered and subject-centered scales is presented as a basis for reviewing 80 years of literature on the optimal number of response...

The optimal number of response alternatives for a scale: A review.

Vision in the Ganzfeld.

Sz~mmary.-12 independent groups were used to examine the relationship berween response latency and regularity of signal occurrence. In each of 6 groups 20 simple visual 51gnals were presented sequentially at one of 6 constant intetvals. Interval durations were 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, or 320 sec. For each consrant-inrerval group tested, there was also a variable-interval group with intervals of the same average duration. For all intervals except one (40 sec.), rhe variable-interval groups had longer response latencies than the constant-interval groups, the difference in response latency between the constant- and variable-interval groups increasing as a function of the duration of the interval, up to intervals of 160 sec. For both constant- and variable-interval groups, response latency varied dicectly with interval duration. The present study joins a literature of about n dozen papers, dating from Woodrow's 1914 monograph, concerned with the regularity of the temporal program of stimuli and its relation to response efficiency. The largest number of chese experiments involve varying the length of the foreperiod in the traditional reaction time paradigm, with the maxirn~~m interval used to date being 15 sec. (Botwinick & Brinley, 1962). The common finding has been that reaction cimes are shorter for the constant foreperiod schedule. Botwinick and Brinley, however, report this advantage to be reduced as duration of foreperiod increases and to be lost with foreperiods of 15 sec. Meanwhile, recognition of reaction time as a sensitive measure of behavioral efficiency has led to its exploitation in the study of vigilance. Here procedure varies from the reaction-time experimenc in that the premonitory cae is omitted and the interscimulus interval replaces the foreperiod, the intervals are considerably longer in duration, and primary concern is for response efficiency over a series of trials rather than on a single trial. Studies of response latency as a function of the regularity of the schedule of presentacion have been unsystematic and the results, caken in total, are unclear. McCormack and Prysiazniuk ( 1961) confirmed with a 60-sec. interval the relacionship between constant and variable foreperiods in the reaction-time studies. Adams and Boulter ( 1964) report similar results for a 195-sec. interval, but Boulter and Adams (1963) failed to demonstrate a significant difference for a 220-sec. interval. The purpose of the present experiment was to examine the relationship of response latency to regularity over a wide range of interval durations: on the one hand, overlapping the range of the reaction-time experiments and, on the other,

Response latency with constant and variable interval schedules.

One of the widely accepted notions regarding human behavior concerns the relationship between repetition-practice, exercise, frequency-and retention. Summarized by the cliche, "Practice makes perfect," the general idea was given scientific status by such pioneers as Ebbinghaus and Thorndike. Its validity has, of course, not gone unquestioned. Early challengers include, among others, Gottschaldt with his data on the recognition of hidden forms,1 Dunlap in his demonstration involving 'negative practice,""2 and, on the basis of results from drawing lines while blindfolded, even Thorndike himself.a More recently, the generalization has been under attack by the protagonists in the one-trial learning controversy.4

Lloyd L. Avant

Papers

Vision in the Ganzfeld.

Response latency with constant and variable interval schedules.

The effect of variation in specific stimuli on memory for their superordinates.

Response latency, response uncertainty, information transmitted and the number of available judgmental categories.

Influence of interpolated periods of activity and inactivity upon the vigilance decrement.