A handheld electronic device with a reduced QWERTY keyboard and disambiguation software. The device outputs a default output and a number of variants. The output is based largely upon the likelihood that a user intended a particular output, but various features of the device provide additional variants provided by various logic structures resident on the device. The device enables editing during text entry and also provides a learning function that allows the disambiguation function to adapt to provide a customized experience for the user. The disambiguation function can be selectively disabled and an alternate keystroke interpretation system provided. Additionally, the device can facilitate the selection of variants by displaying a graphic of a special key of the keypad that enables a user to progressively select variants generally without changing the position of the user's hands on the device.

Handheld electronic device with text disambiguation

Applications of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in the modelling and design of ventilation systems in the agricultural industry: A review

Consumer interest worldwide in the quality of vegetable products has increased in recent years. Product quality is a complex issue. As well as visual characteristics, properties such as texture, the content of minerals and vitamins, flavor and other organoleptic characteristics must be considered. In addition, new knowledge shows that vegetables are appreciated for their beneficial health effects in humans and underlines the importance of nutraceutic properties. Many research studies have documented methods for achieving a high-quality vegetable product. Indoor production for fresh vegetables offers advantages compared to outdoor production with regard to quality assurance principally, because the products are not exposed directly to the rapid changes of climate conditions. On the other hand, vegetable cultivation in a greenhouse under artificially created conditions also affects the internal quality of the product. This is reflected in a different taste and flavor compared with field vegetables. Changes ...

Impact of Environmental Factors on Product Quality of Greenhouse Vegetables for Fresh Consumption

'Summary'	 	
I	'Introduction'	839	
II	'Phenotypic differences between lab- and field-grown plants'	839	
III	'The shoot environment'	841	
IV	'The root environment'	845	
V	'Effects of plant density'	847	
VI	'Consistency among species or genotypes in ranking between lab and field'	848	
VII	'Translation of lab results to the field'	849	
VIII	'Conclusions'	851	
 	'Acknowledgements'	851	
 	'Author contributions'	852	
 	References	852	
 	Appendix A1	854	


Summary
Plant biologists often grow plants in growth chambers or glasshouses with the ultimate aim to understand or improve plant performance in the field What is often overlooked is how results from controlled conditions translate back to field situations A meta-analysis showed that lab-grown plants had faster growth rates, higher nitrogen concentrations and different morphology They remained smaller, however, because the lab plants had grown for a much shorter time We compared glasshouse and growth chamber conditions with those in the field and found that the ratio between the daily amount of light and daily temperature (photothermal ratio) was consistently lower under controlled conditions This may strongly affect a plant's source : sink ratio and hence its overall morphology and physiology Plants in the field also grow at higher plant densities A second meta-analysis showed that a doubling in density leads on average to 34% smaller plants with strong negative effects on tiller or side-shoot formation but little effect on plant height We found the r2 between lab and field phenotypic data to be rather modest (026) Based on these insights, we discuss various alternatives to facilitate the translation from lab results to the field, including several options to apply growth regimes closer to field conditions

https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/nph.14243

Pampered inside, pestered outside? Differences and similarities between plants growing in controlled conditions and in the field

We explored which aspects of dairy cow behaviour provide measures of cow comfort and how housing affects resting time. Following a crossover design, we observed the behaviour of eight lactating Holstein cows kept for three weeks in stalls believed to represent a contrast in comfort. Cows individually housed in large pens with a mattress flooring lay down 4.2 h d−1 longer than cows housed in tie-stalls on a concrete floor, while cows in tie-stalls stood idle (without eating) for longer. Cows stood up and lay down more often in the large pens and the duration of individual standing bouts was longer in tie-stalls. We found no differences in eating time and few differences in body, head or leg positions cows assumed while lying. There was little evidence of diurnal rhythm in activity. A lower frequency of standing and lying and an increase in the duration of lying bouts suggests that in tie-stalls cows are more reluctant to change position from lying to standing. The type of pen or stall in which cows are hou...

Behavioural indicators of cow comfort: activity and resting behaviour of dairy cows in two types of housing

Lettuce growth data are presented that show the importance of the daily light integral for predictable
vegetative growth. Dry mass accumulation is shown to be proportional to the light integral, and a consistent daily light
integral is proposed to be central to consistent production. Supplemental lighting control rules are defined and described
and a computer implementation is used in conjunction with ten years of hourly weather data to test (by simulation)
adequacy of the rules to control supplemental lights and movable shades in greenhouses to achieve a consistent daily
integral of Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR), mol-m –2 -day –1 , on days of either insufficient or excess solar
irradiation, which are most days. The rules require neither historical data bases of weather characteristics nor daily
weather forecasts. Control decisions are suggested to be made hourly, based on the current day’s accumulating solar PAR
integral inside the greenhouse. The model is sensitive to time-of-day electricity rates, changing seasons, weather,
greenhouse and component characteristics, and greenhouse location (latitude and longitude). The rules contain
parameters with values suggested for northeastern United States solar conditions but which may be adjusted for local
solar climates that are significantly different.

Controlling greenhouse light to a consistent daily integral

/pdf/shoot-and-root-temperature-effects-on-lettuce-growth-in-a-3hsllw1hi6.pdf

Shoot and root temperature effects on lettuce growth in a floating hydroponic system

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L., cv. Ostinata) growth experiments were carried out to study the effect of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration on plant growth in a floating hydroponic system. Pure O2 and N2 gas were supplied to the hydroponic system for precise DO control. This system made it easy to increase the DO concentration beyond the maximum (or saturation) concentration possible when bubbling air into water. Eleven day old lettuce seedlings were grown for 24 days under various DO concentrations: sub-saturated, saturated, and super-saturated. There was no significant difference in fresh weight, shoot and root dry weights among the DO concentrations: 2.1 (25% of saturated at 24 degrees C), 4.2 (50%), 8.4 (saturated), and 16.8 (200%) mg/L. The critical DO concentration for vigorous lettuce growth was considered to be lower than 2.1 mg/L. Neither root damage nor delay of shoot growth was observed at any of the studied DO concentrations.

Effect of dissolved oxygen concentration on lettuce growth in floating hydroponics.

Optimal temperature setpoints for greenhouse lettuce

A theoretical procedure, using energy balance princi-ples, is developed to estimate the energy conserving potential of night curtains used in greenhouses. The pro-cedure is tested by comparing the results of the analysis with published experimental data.

Louis D. Albright

Papers

Controlling greenhouse light to a consistent daily integral

Shoot and root temperature effects on lettuce growth in a floating hydroponic system

Effect of dissolved oxygen concentration on lettuce growth in floating hydroponics.

Optimal temperature setpoints for greenhouse lettuce

Analytical Determination of the Effect on Greenhouse Heating Requirements of Using Night Curtains