3.2.3. Hydroformylation 2467 3.2.4. Dimerization 2468 3.2.5. Oxidative Cleavage and Ozonolysis 2469 3.2.6. Metathesis 2470 4. Terpenes 2472 4.1. Pinene 2472 4.1.1. Isomerization: R-Pinene 2472 4.1.2. Epoxidation of R-Pinene 2475 4.1.3. Isomerization of R-Pinene Oxide 2477 4.1.4. Hydration of R-Pinene: R-Terpineol 2478 4.1.5. Dehydroisomerization 2479 4.2. Limonene 2480 4.2.1. Isomerization 2480 4.2.2. Epoxidation: Limonene Oxide 2480 4.2.3. Isomerization of Limonene Oxide 2481 4.2.4. Dehydroisomerization of Limonene and Terpenes To Produce Cymene 2481

Chemical Routes for the Transformation of Biomass into Chemicals

This critical review provides a survey illustrated by recent references of different strategies to achieve a sustainable conversion of biomass to bioproducts. Because of the huge number of chemical products that can be potentially manufactured, a selection of starting materials and targeted chemicals has been done. Also, thermochemical conversion processes such as biomass pyrolysis or gasification as well as the synthesis of biofuels were not considered. The synthesis of chemicals by conversion of platform molecules obtained by depolymerisation and fermentation of biopolymers is presently the most widely envisioned approach. Successful catalytic conversion of these building blocks into intermediates, specialties and fine chemicals will be examined. However, the platform molecule value chain is in competition with well-optimised, cost-effective synthesis routes from fossil resources to produce chemicals that have already a market. The literature covering alternative value chains whereby biopolymers are converted in one or few steps to functional materials will be analysed. This approach which does not require the use of isolated, pure chemicals is well adapted to produce high tonnage products, such as paper additives, paints, resins, foams, surfactants, lubricants, and plasticisers. Another objective of the review was to examine critically the green character of conversion processes because using renewables as raw materials does not exempt from abiding by green chemistry principles (368 references).

Conversion of biomass to selected chemical products

UV-Visible ار راد ن .د TiO2 ( تیفرظ راون مان هب نورتکلا یاراد یژرنا زارت لماش VB و ) رگید زارت ی یژرنا اب ( ییاناسر راون مان هب نورتکلا زا یلاخ و رتلااب VB یم ) .دشاب ت ود نیا نیب یژرنا توافت یژرنا فاکش زار ، پگ دناب هدیمان یم .دوش هک ینامز زا نورتکلا لاقتنا VB هب VB یم ماجنا دریگ ، TiO2 اب ودح یژرنا بذج د ev 2 / 3 ، نورتکلا تفج کی دیلوت یم هرفح .دیامن و نورتکلا هرفح ی نا اب هدش دیلوت یم کرتشم حطس هب لاقت ثعاب دناوت شنکاو ماجنا اه یی ددرگ . TiO2 دربراک ،دراد یدایز یاه هلمج زا یم ناوت اوه یگدولآ هیفصت یارب (CO2) و بآ و ... نآ زا هدافتسا درک .

Advanced Nanoarchitectures for Solar Photocatalytic Applications

Conversion of Biomass into Chemicals over Metal Catalysts

Biodiesel is a promising alternative, and renewable, fuel. As its production increases, so does production of the principle co-product, crude glycerol. The effective utilization of crude glycerol will contribute to the viability of biodiesel. In this review, composition and quality factors of crude glycerol are discussed. The value-added utilization opportunities of crude glycerol are reviewed. The majority of crude glycerol is used as feedstock for production of other value-added chemicals, followed by animal feeds.

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Value-added uses for crude glycerol--a byproduct of biodiesel production.

Results on the development of new coatings and sealants for wood based on alkyd resins are presented. Indigenous castor and palm oils as well as used cooking oils were used to replace imported soybean oil in the synthesis of the resins. The products developed were characterized in terms of brightness, viscosity, adhesion to the substrate, thermal stability and drying times, under international and national standards, in order to determine similarity or changes with respect to commercial dupes. Is results indicate the possible inclusion of such raw materials, indigenous to the region, as an alternative for reducing costs, generating direct and indirect jobs and the incorporation of these vegetable oils of low commercial value in the production chain of wood coatings. Besides, added value is given to recovered frying oils by making them raw materials of commercial interest and minimizing their environmental impact on water ecosystems.

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LACAS Y SELLADORES PARA MADERA A PARTIR DE RESINAS ALQUÍLICAS OBTENIDAS DE ACEITES DE HIGUERILLA, PALMA y USADOS DE FRITURA

La oleorresina de pimenton (Capsicum annuum L.) contiene fundamentalmente carotenoides, capsaicinoides y algunas vitaminas. Tradicionalmente se usa en la industria alimentaria. Se obtiene mediante un proceso en las siguientes etapas: a) escaldado, b) troceado, c) secado, d) molienda, y e) extraccion con solventes volatiles (hexano, acetona, acetato de etilo). Los pigmentos que se extraen se analizan mediante HPLC en fase reversa y se comparan con la oleorresina de paprika comercial importada por la empresa TECNAS®. El rendimiento que se obtiene en el laboratorio esta entre 3% y 6%. Los resultados muestran la importancia del escaldado y del secado: el escaldado permite alcanzar una humedad del 13,56% en 320 min (sin escaldar en el mismo tiempo se llega al 21,01%) y el secado posibilita la extraccion con solventes.

EXTRACTION OF OLEORESIN FROM SWEET PEPPER (Capsicum annuum L.)

A natural antioxidant extracted from the shell of the cashew nut (CNSL) to improve the oxidative stability of jatropha biodiesel was evaluated. The oxidation stability at different temperatures of pure jatropha biodiesel and biodiesel with different concentrations of CNSL and propyl gallate was evaluated using the Metrohm 873 Rancimat equipment. It was found that there is a gradual increase in the induction time with the amount of antioxidant, and evaluation at higher temperature cause a decrease in this variable. Statistical analysis of the results was performed using ANOVA tables and oxidation can be described using a first order kinetics. The rate of consumption of CNSL in jatropha biodiesel was adjusted using the Arrhenius equation and activation energy of 103.94 kJ / mol was obtained

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Evaluación de un Antioxidante Natural extraído del Marañón (Anacardium occidentale L.) para mejorar la Estabilidad Oxidativa del Biodiesel de Jatropha

espanolSe evaluaron cuatro pretratamientos del Buchon de Agua (Eichhornia crassipes) para su transformacion en azucares y etanol. El Buchon de Agua es una planta acuatica de rapido crecimiento que representa un serio problema de invasiones por lo que se propone su transformacion en etanol, teniendo en cuenta la inminente escasez de combustibles fosiles a nivel mundial. En esta seleccion preliminar el Buchon de Agua exhibio caracteristicas constitutivas de tipo quimico, que lo convierten en una materia prima promisoria para produccion de etanol, obteniendose, rendimientos de 17,15 g/l, 18,10 g/l, 17,73 g/l y 4,53 g/l con los pretratamientos remojo con amoniaco, delignificacion alcalina, pretratamiento con acido diluido y peroxido alcalino, respectivamente. Finalmente, se seleccionaron los pretratamientos con acido diluido y delignificacion alcalina para ser utilizados con mayor profundidad mediante la aplicacion de un diseno experimental, obteniendose un rendimiento de etanol de 190,35 l/ton biomasa seca alimentada para el pretratamiento acido diluido y 197,33 l/ton biomasa seca alimentada para el pretratamiento delignificacion alcalina, a partir de la fraccion solida. EnglishWater Hyacynth (Eichhornia crassipes) is a fast growing aquatic plant that represents a serious problem of invasion, so its transformation into ethanol is proposed as a solution, taking into account the imminent scarcity of fossil fuels worldwide and the panorama of opportunity that is lived in the world due to the legislation on biofuels. For this, four different pretreatments were evaluated taking into account production of sugars and final ethanol yield to select the most promising. In this preliminary selection, the Water Hyacinth exhibited chemical type compositional characteristics that make it a promising raw material for ethanol production, obtaining yields of 17.15 g/l, 18.10 g/l, 17.73 g/l and 4,53 g/l with the pretreatments aqueous ammonia soaking, alkaline delignification, pretreatment with diluted acid and alkaline peroxide, respectively. Finally, the pretreatments with diluted acid and alkaline delignification were selected to be studied more deeply through the application of an experimental design, obtaining an ethanol yield (better design conditions). 190.35 l/ton dry biomass fed to the diluted acid pretreatment and 197.33 l/ton dry biomass fed to the alkaline delignification pretreatment, from the solid fraction.

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Evaluación de técnicas de pretratamiento en buchón de agua (Eichhornia crassipes) para la producción de bioetanol

La incorporacion de un oxido a la matriz de un segundo produce cambios en las propiedades superficiales del sistema inicial, asi como modificaciones en la estructura electronica del material; de hecho, la recombinacion de portadores de cargas en un material semiconductor se ve modificada por la incorporacion de otro elemento a la red del semiconductor. En particular, las propiedades estructurales, morfologicas, superficiales y cataliticas del oxido de zirconio se ven afectadas al depositarlo sobre otro que actue como matriz de soporte. En este trabajo se han preparado oxidos mixtos ZrO2-SiO2 empleando el metodo sol gel de precipitacion seguido de diversos tratamientos termicos. Los materiales asi obtenidos fueron caracterizados por diversas tecnicas evaluandose ademas su actividad fotocatalitica en la degradacion del 3-nitrofenol. Si bien el comportamiento fotocatalitico del sistema ZrO2-SiO2 no difiere del que exhiben los oxidos simples ZrO2 y SiO2, las propiedades de estos materiales tipo oxido mixto si estan fuertemente condicionadas no solo por el metodo de preparacion sino por los tratamientos de calcinacion.

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Luis A. Rios

Papers

LACAS Y SELLADORES PARA MADERA A PARTIR DE RESINAS ALQUÍLICAS OBTENIDAS DE ACEITES DE HIGUERILLA, PALMA y USADOS DE FRITURA

EXTRACTION OF OLEORESIN FROM SWEET PEPPER (Capsicum annuum L.)

Evaluación de un Antioxidante Natural extraído del Marañón (Anacardium occidentale L.) para mejorar la Estabilidad Oxidativa del Biodiesel de Jatropha

Evaluación de técnicas de pretratamiento en buchón de agua (Eichhornia crassipes) para la producción de bioetanol

SÍNTESIS, CARACTERIZACIÓN Y EVALUACIÓN FOTOCATALÍTICA DE SISTEMAS ZrO2-SiO2