3.2.3. Hydroformylation 2467 3.2.4. Dimerization 2468 3.2.5. Oxidative Cleavage and Ozonolysis 2469 3.2.6. Metathesis 2470 4. Terpenes 2472 4.1. Pinene 2472 4.1.1. Isomerization: R-Pinene 2472 4.1.2. Epoxidation of R-Pinene 2475 4.1.3. Isomerization of R-Pinene Oxide 2477 4.1.4. Hydration of R-Pinene: R-Terpineol 2478 4.1.5. Dehydroisomerization 2479 4.2. Limonene 2480 4.2.1. Isomerization 2480 4.2.2. Epoxidation: Limonene Oxide 2480 4.2.3. Isomerization of Limonene Oxide 2481 4.2.4. Dehydroisomerization of Limonene and Terpenes To Produce Cymene 2481

Chemical Routes for the Transformation of Biomass into Chemicals

This critical review provides a survey illustrated by recent references of different strategies to achieve a sustainable conversion of biomass to bioproducts. Because of the huge number of chemical products that can be potentially manufactured, a selection of starting materials and targeted chemicals has been done. Also, thermochemical conversion processes such as biomass pyrolysis or gasification as well as the synthesis of biofuels were not considered. The synthesis of chemicals by conversion of platform molecules obtained by depolymerisation and fermentation of biopolymers is presently the most widely envisioned approach. Successful catalytic conversion of these building blocks into intermediates, specialties and fine chemicals will be examined. However, the platform molecule value chain is in competition with well-optimised, cost-effective synthesis routes from fossil resources to produce chemicals that have already a market. The literature covering alternative value chains whereby biopolymers are converted in one or few steps to functional materials will be analysed. This approach which does not require the use of isolated, pure chemicals is well adapted to produce high tonnage products, such as paper additives, paints, resins, foams, surfactants, lubricants, and plasticisers. Another objective of the review was to examine critically the green character of conversion processes because using renewables as raw materials does not exempt from abiding by green chemistry principles (368 references).

Conversion of biomass to selected chemical products

UV-Visible ار راد ن .د TiO2 ( تیفرظ راون مان هب نورتکلا یاراد یژرنا زارت لماش VB و ) رگید زارت ی یژرنا اب ( ییاناسر راون مان هب نورتکلا زا یلاخ و رتلااب VB یم ) .دشاب ت ود نیا نیب یژرنا توافت یژرنا فاکش زار ، پگ دناب هدیمان یم .دوش هک ینامز زا نورتکلا لاقتنا VB هب VB یم ماجنا دریگ ، TiO2 اب ودح یژرنا بذج د ev 2 / 3 ، نورتکلا تفج کی دیلوت یم هرفح .دیامن و نورتکلا هرفح ی نا اب هدش دیلوت یم کرتشم حطس هب لاقت ثعاب دناوت شنکاو ماجنا اه یی ددرگ . TiO2 دربراک ،دراد یدایز یاه هلمج زا یم ناوت اوه یگدولآ هیفصت یارب (CO2) و بآ و ... نآ زا هدافتسا درک .

Advanced Nanoarchitectures for Solar Photocatalytic Applications

Conversion of Biomass into Chemicals over Metal Catalysts

Biodiesel is a promising alternative, and renewable, fuel. As its production increases, so does production of the principle co-product, crude glycerol. The effective utilization of crude glycerol will contribute to the viability of biodiesel. In this review, composition and quality factors of crude glycerol are discussed. The value-added utilization opportunities of crude glycerol are reviewed. The majority of crude glycerol is used as feedstock for production of other value-added chemicals, followed by animal feeds.

/pdf/value-added-uses-for-crude-glycerol-a-byproduct-of-biodiesel-2p34cdk9r1.pdf

Value-added uses for crude glycerol--a byproduct of biodiesel production.

RESUMEN La tranesterificacion de aceites vegetales con alcoholes de cadena corta, en presencia de catalizadores basicos por medio de ultrasonido de baja frecuencia (28 and 40 kHz)   reduce el tiempo de reaccion, la cantidad de catalizador requerido es 2 o 3 veces menor y la relacion aceite:alcohol es baja (1:6). [15] La aplicacion de ultrasonido incrementa la transferencia de masa y la velocidad de las reacciones quimicas. Sin embargo algunos aspectos teoricos e ingenieriles no han sido bien entendidos. [1] La aplicacion de las microondas (MW) en la quimica ha permitido acelerar las reacciones, mediante un calentamiento  mas  rapido  y  eficiente,  con  ahorro  en  el  tiempo  de  procesamiento,  incremento  en  la productividad, bajos niveles contaminacion, procedimientos reproducibles; sin embargo las microondas no interactuan de la misma forma con todos los materiales y puede existir el riesgo de explosiones por sobrecalentamiento. [4] Las microondas son radiacion electromagnetica no ionizante, que no causa cambios en la estructura molecular pero producen movimiento molecular, por migracion de iones y rotacion de dipolos, que generan friccion por las colisiones moleculares lo que hace que el material se caliente. [3] El procesamiento de materiales con microondas es complejo y envuelve una gran cantidad de variables, por lo tanto, se requiere de un alto grado de conocimiento tecnico para determinar como, cuando y donde utilizar mas efectivamente esta tecnologia y, por supuesto, cuando no. [5] En este trabajo se prenden describir: los aspectos mas relevantes que afectan a estas tecnologias, sus ventajas y desventajas en la obtencion de biodiesel y algunos resultados experimentales en la aplicacion de microondas para la sintesis de alquilesteres de aceite crudo de palma, empleados como aditivos para el mejoramiento delas propiedades del flujo en frio. Palabras Claves: Biodiesel, Microondas, Ultrasonido. ABSTRACT Transesterification of vegetable oil with short-chain alcohols, in the presence of basic catalysts with low-frequency ultrasound (28 and 40 kHz) reduces reaction time. The amount of catalyst required is 2 or 3 times lower and relationship oil alcohol is low (1:6). [15] The application of ultrasound enhances mass transfer and speed of chemical reactions, but some theoretical aspects and engineering are not well understood. [1] The use of the microwave (MW) in the chemical has accelerated reactions through a warming faster and more efficient, savings time, an increase productivity, low pollution, replicable procedures. But the microwave does not interact in the same way with all the materials and there may be a risk of explosion by overheating. [4] Microwaves are non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation. It does not cause changes in the molecular structure but produce molecular movement, migration of ions and rotation of dipoles. It generates friction by molecular collisions which make the material get hot. [3] Processing materials with microwave is complex and involve a large number of variables. Therefore it requires a high degree of technical knowledge to determine how, when and where technology is used more effectively and when it can not be use. [5] In this paper we want to describe: the most relevant aspects affecting these technologies, their advantages and disadvantages in obtaining biodiesel and some experimental results in the application of microwave to alkylesteres synthesis of crude palm oil. It is used as additives for improve the properties of flow at low temperatures. Keyword: Biodiesel, Microwave, Ultrasound.

/pdf/metodos-alternativos-para-la-obtencion-de-biodiesel-539bbuamw5.pdf

Métodos alternativos para la obtención de biodiesel, microondas y ultrasonido

Accelerated weathering behavior of castor oil bio‐based thermosets

Development of a Pilot-ecofriendly Process for Chitosan Production from Waste Shrimp Shells

Interesterification and blending with Sacha Inchi oil as strategies to improve the drying properties of Castor Oil

Monoglycerides are widely used as emulsifiers in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. In this article was reported the production of monoglycerides from castor oil, by glicerolysis reactions, using USP glycerine and crude glycerol derived from a palm-biodiesel production process. Metalic hydroxides and lead oxide were used as basic catalysts, while lead acetate was used as acid catalyst. Results showed that the lead-based catalysts exhibited higher conversions to monoglycerides respect to those based on sodium, potassium and calcium. We found that a high molar ratio oil/glycerol was a determinant variable that favors high concentrations of monoglycerides. Ultimatelly, it was shown that it is feasible to use crude glycerol for the production of monoglycerides, although in this case the concentration of monoglycerides is reduced 20% due to the poisoning of the catalysts.

/pdf/obtencion-de-monogliceridos-de-aceite-de-ricino-empleando-1p89v9r8f0.pdf

Luis A. Rios

Papers

Métodos alternativos para la obtención de biodiesel, microondas y ultrasonido

Accelerated weathering behavior of castor oil bio‐based thermosets

Development of a Pilot-ecofriendly Process for Chitosan Production from Waste Shrimp Shells

Interesterification and blending with Sacha Inchi oil as strategies to improve the drying properties of Castor Oil

Obtención de monoglicéridos de aceite de ricino empleando glicerina refinada y cruda: estudio de las principales variables del proceso