3.2.3. Hydroformylation 2467 3.2.4. Dimerization 2468 3.2.5. Oxidative Cleavage and Ozonolysis 2469 3.2.6. Metathesis 2470 4. Terpenes 2472 4.1. Pinene 2472 4.1.1. Isomerization: R-Pinene 2472 4.1.2. Epoxidation of R-Pinene 2475 4.1.3. Isomerization of R-Pinene Oxide 2477 4.1.4. Hydration of R-Pinene: R-Terpineol 2478 4.1.5. Dehydroisomerization 2479 4.2. Limonene 2480 4.2.1. Isomerization 2480 4.2.2. Epoxidation: Limonene Oxide 2480 4.2.3. Isomerization of Limonene Oxide 2481 4.2.4. Dehydroisomerization of Limonene and Terpenes To Produce Cymene 2481

Chemical Routes for the Transformation of Biomass into Chemicals

This critical review provides a survey illustrated by recent references of different strategies to achieve a sustainable conversion of biomass to bioproducts. Because of the huge number of chemical products that can be potentially manufactured, a selection of starting materials and targeted chemicals has been done. Also, thermochemical conversion processes such as biomass pyrolysis or gasification as well as the synthesis of biofuels were not considered. The synthesis of chemicals by conversion of platform molecules obtained by depolymerisation and fermentation of biopolymers is presently the most widely envisioned approach. Successful catalytic conversion of these building blocks into intermediates, specialties and fine chemicals will be examined. However, the platform molecule value chain is in competition with well-optimised, cost-effective synthesis routes from fossil resources to produce chemicals that have already a market. The literature covering alternative value chains whereby biopolymers are converted in one or few steps to functional materials will be analysed. This approach which does not require the use of isolated, pure chemicals is well adapted to produce high tonnage products, such as paper additives, paints, resins, foams, surfactants, lubricants, and plasticisers. Another objective of the review was to examine critically the green character of conversion processes because using renewables as raw materials does not exempt from abiding by green chemistry principles (368 references).

Conversion of biomass to selected chemical products

UV-Visible ار راد ن .د TiO2 ( تیفرظ راون مان هب نورتکلا یاراد یژرنا زارت لماش VB و ) رگید زارت ی یژرنا اب ( ییاناسر راون مان هب نورتکلا زا یلاخ و رتلااب VB یم ) .دشاب ت ود نیا نیب یژرنا توافت یژرنا فاکش زار ، پگ دناب هدیمان یم .دوش هک ینامز زا نورتکلا لاقتنا VB هب VB یم ماجنا دریگ ، TiO2 اب ودح یژرنا بذج د ev 2 / 3 ، نورتکلا تفج کی دیلوت یم هرفح .دیامن و نورتکلا هرفح ی نا اب هدش دیلوت یم کرتشم حطس هب لاقت ثعاب دناوت شنکاو ماجنا اه یی ددرگ . TiO2 دربراک ،دراد یدایز یاه هلمج زا یم ناوت اوه یگدولآ هیفصت یارب (CO2) و بآ و ... نآ زا هدافتسا درک .

Advanced Nanoarchitectures for Solar Photocatalytic Applications

Conversion of Biomass into Chemicals over Metal Catalysts

Biodiesel is a promising alternative, and renewable, fuel. As its production increases, so does production of the principle co-product, crude glycerol. The effective utilization of crude glycerol will contribute to the viability of biodiesel. In this review, composition and quality factors of crude glycerol are discussed. The value-added utilization opportunities of crude glycerol are reviewed. The majority of crude glycerol is used as feedstock for production of other value-added chemicals, followed by animal feeds.

/pdf/value-added-uses-for-crude-glycerol-a-byproduct-of-biodiesel-2p34cdk9r1.pdf

Value-added uses for crude glycerol--a byproduct of biodiesel production.

Synthesis and polymerization of a new highly unsaturated castor oil-based monomer for rigid thermoset materials

Kinetic modeling of the alkaline deproteinization of Nile-tilapia skin for the production of collagen.

Pre-hydrogenation stage as a strategy to improve the continuous production of a diesel-like biofuel from palm oil

This work focused on the production of aqueous dispersions of polyurethane using the emulsification method by phase inversion. For the synthesis two polyols were employed, viz. a commercial polyester and Maleinizated Castor Oil (MACO), with two diisocyanates: one aromatic, toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and another aliphatic, hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), which are not common for this application. Citric acid was used as internal emulsifier which is inexpensive and readily available. The parameters were the amount of citric acid and the mole ratio of isocyanate groups to hydroxyl (NCO/OH), generating a 32 factorial design, with minimization of the sedimented solids. The surface methodology was used to obtain a quadratic polynomial equation by multiple regression analysis. Polyurethanes synthesized were evaluated for their mechanical and adhesive properties (tack, loop tack, hold, peel). These measurements allowed classifying the polyurethanes synthesized as repositionable adhesives, for use in labels.

/pdf/sintesis-y-caracterizacion-de-adhesivos-reposicionables-de-3rlt18dcf6.pdf

Síntesis y caracterización de adhesivos reposicionables de poliuretano dispersos en agua, obtenidos a partir de aceite de castor maleinizado

The effect of different alkaline pretreatment conditions with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) on the recuperation of cellulosic fraction, lignin removal and ethanol production was evaluated through simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of elephant grass and king grass ((Pennisetum purpureum and Pennisetum hybridum). These types of grass are potential raw materials for bioethanol production from cellulosic fraction. Results obtained in ethanol production show that under pretreatment conditions of 120oC, 60 minutes, 2%(w/w) of NaOH and a liquid to solid ratio of 20 (w/w), the highest ethanol concentrations are obtained: 27.7 g/L and 26.1 g/L for king grass and elephant grass respectively, in 24 hours of fermentation. Furthermore, under the evaluated conditions it was observed that lignin removal was 88.4% for elephant grass and 94.0% for king grass. The detoxification stage eliminates inhibitors formed during pretreatment, which affects the hydrolysis and fermentation.

/pdf/pretratamiento-alcalino-de-pasto-elefante-pennisetum-sp-y-4xirfyw7nm.pdf

Luis A. Rios

Papers

Synthesis and polymerization of a new highly unsaturated castor oil-based monomer for rigid thermoset materials

Kinetic modeling of the alkaline deproteinization of Nile-tilapia skin for the production of collagen.

Pre-hydrogenation stage as a strategy to improve the continuous production of a diesel-like biofuel from palm oil

Síntesis y caracterización de adhesivos reposicionables de poliuretano dispersos en agua, obtenidos a partir de aceite de castor maleinizado

Pretratamiento Alcalino de Pasto Elefante (Pennisetum sp) y King Grass (Pennisetum hybridum) Cultivados en Colombia para la Producción de Bioetanol