Wireless sensor network (WSN) has emerged as one of the most promising technologies for the future. This has been enabled by advances in technology and availability of small, inexpensive, and smart sensors resulting in cost effective and easily deployable WSNs. However, researchers must address a variety of challenges to facilitate the widespread deployment of WSN technology in real-world domains. In this survey, we give an overview of wireless sensor networks and their application domains including the challenges that should be addressed in order to push the technology further. Then we review the recent technologies and testbeds for WSNs. Finally, we identify several open research issues that need to be investigated in future.

Our survey is different from existing surveys in that we focus on recent developments in wireless sensor network technologies. We review the leading research projects, standards and technologies, and platforms. Moreover, we highlight a recent phenomenon in WSN research that is to explore synergy between sensor networks and other technologies and explain how this can help sensor networks achieve their full potential. This paper intends to help new researchers entering the domain of WSNs by providing a comprehensive survey on recent developments.

Wireless sensor networks: a survey on recent developments and potential synergies

The smart grid concept continues to evolve and various methods have been developed to enhance the energy efficiency of the electricity infrastructure. Demand Response (DR) is considered as the most cost-effective and reliable solution for the smoothing of the demand curve, when the system is under stress. DR refers to a procedure that is applied to motivate changes in the customers' power consumption habits, in response to incentives regarding the electricity prices. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of various DR schemes and programs, based on the motivations offered to the consumers to participate in the program. We classify the proposed DR schemes according to their control mechanism, to the motivations offered to reduce the power consumption and to the DR decision variable. We also present various optimization models for the optimal control of the DR strategies that have been proposed so far. These models are also categorized, based on the target of the optimization procedure. The key aspects that should be considered in the optimization problem are the system's constraints and the computational complexity of the applied optimization algorithm.

A Survey on Demand Response Programs in Smart Grids: Pricing Methods and Optimization Algorithms

A survey of intrusion detection in Internet of Things

Presentacio sobre l'Oficina de Proteccio de Dades Personals de la UAB i la politica Open Science. Va formar part de la conferencia "Les politiques d'Open Data / Open Acces: Implicacions a la recerca" orientada a investigadors i gestors de projectes europeus que va tenir lloc el 20 de setembre de 2018 a la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona

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General data protection regulation

Appearing in 1st IEEE International Workshop on Sensor Net Protocols and Applications (SNPA). Anchorage, Alaska, USA. May 11, 2003. RMST: Reliable Data Transport in Sensor Networks Fred Stann, John Heidemann Abstract – Reliable data transport in wireless sensor networks is a multifaceted problem influenced by the physical, MAC, network, and transport layers. Because sensor networks are subject to strict resource constraints and are deployed by single organizations, they encourage revisiting traditional layering and are less bound by standardized placement of services such as reliability. This paper presents analysis and experiments resulting in specific recommendations for implementing reliable data transport in sensor nets. To explore reliability at the transport layer, we present RMST (Reliable Multi- Segment Transport), a new transport layer for Directed Diffusion. RMST provides guaranteed delivery and fragmentation/reassembly for applications that require them. RMST is a selective NACK-based protocol that can be configured for in-network caching and repair. Second, these energy constraints, plus relatively low wireless bandwidths, make in-network processing both feasible and desirable [3]. Third, because nodes in sensor networks are usually collaborating towards a common task, rather than representing independent users, optimization of the shared network focuses on throughput rather than fairness. Finally, because sensor networks are often deployed by a single organization with inexpensive hardware, there is less need for interoperability with existing standards. For all of these reasons, sensor networks provide an environment that encourages rethinking the structure of traditional communications protocols. The main contribution is an evaluation of the placement of reliability for data transport at different levels of the protocol stack. We consider implementing reliability in the MAC, transport layer, application, and combinations of these. We conclude that reliability is important at the MAC layer and the transport layer. MAC-level reliability is important not just to provide hop-by-hop error recovery for the transport layer, but also because it is needed for route discovery and maintenance. (This conclusion differs from previous studies in reliability for sensor nets that did not simulate routing. [4]) Second, we have developed RMST (Reliable Multi-Segment Transport), a new transport layer, in order to understand the role of in- network processing for reliable data transfer. RMST benefits from diffusion routing, adding minimal additional control traffic. RMST guarantees delivery, even when multiple hops exhibit very high error rates. 1 Introduction Wireless sensor networks provide an economical, fully distributed, sensing and computing solution for environments where conventional networks are impractical. This paper explores the design decisions related to providing reliable data transport in sensor nets. The reliable data transport problem in sensor nets is multi-faceted. The emphasis on energy conservation in sensor nets implies that poor paths should not be artificially bolstered via mechanisms such as MAC layer ARQ during route discovery and path selection [1]. Path maintenance, on the other hand, benefits from well- engineered recovery either at the MAC layer or the transport layer, or both. Recovery should not be costly however, since many applications in sensor nets are impervious to occasional packet loss, relying on the regular delivery of coarse-grained event descriptions. Other applications require loss detection and repair. These aspects of reliable data transport include the provision of guaranteed delivery and fragmentation/ reassembly of data entities larger than the network MTU. Sensor networks have different constraints than traditional wired nets. First, energy constraints are paramount in sensor networks since nodes can often not be recharged, so any wasted energy shortens their useful lifetime [2]. This work was supported by DARPA under grant DABT63-99-1-0011 as part of the SCAADS project, and was also made possible in part due to support from Intel Corporation and Xerox Corporation. Fred Stann and John Heidemann are with USC/Information Sciences Institute, 4676 Admiralty Way, Marina Del Rey, CA, USA E-mail: fstann@usc.edu, johnh@isi.edu. 2 Architectural Choices There are a number of key areas to consider when engineering reliability for sensor nets. Many current sensor networks exhibit high loss rates compared to wired networks (2% to 30% to immediate neighbors)[1,5,6]. While error detection and correction at the physical layer are important, approaches at the MAC layer and higher adapt well to the very wide range of loss rates seen in sensor networks and are the focus of this paper. MAC layer protocols can ameliorate PHY layer unreliability, and transport layers can guarantee delivery. An important question for this paper is the trade off between implementation of reliability at the MAC layer (i.e. hop to hop) vs. the Transport layer, which has traditionally been concerned with end-to-end reliability. Because sensor net applications are distributed, we also considered implementing reliability at the application layer. Our goal is to minimize the cost of repair in terms of transmission.

RMST: Reliable Data Transport in Sensor Networks

Traditionally, environmental monitoring is achieved by a small number of expensive and high precision sensing unities. Collected data are retrieved directly from the equipment at the end of the experiment and after the unit is recovered. The implementation of a wireless sensor network provides an alternative solution by deploying a larger number of disposable sensor nodes. Nodes are equipped with sensors with less precision, however, the network as a whole provides better spatial resolution of the area and the users can have access to the data immediately. This paper surveys a comprehensive review of the available solutions to support wireless sensor network environmental monitoring applications.

http://www.jocm.us/uploadfile/2013/0403/20130403030225404.pdf

Wireless Sensor Networks: a Survey on Environmental Monitoring

It is foreseeable that any object in the near future will have an Internet connection—this is the Internet of Things vision. All these objects will be able to exchange and process information, most of them characterized by small size, power constrained, small computing and storage resources. In fact, connecting embedded low-power devices to the Internet is considered the biggest challenge and opportunity for the Internet. There is a strong trend of convergence towards an Internet-based solution and the 6LoWPAN may be the convergence solution to achieve the Internet of Things vision. Wireless mesh networks have attracted the interest of the scientific community in recent years. One of the key characteristics of wireless mesh networks is the ability to self-organize and self-configure. Mesh networking and mobility support are considered crucial to the Internet of Things success. This paper surveys the available solutions proposed to support routing and mobility over 6LoWPAN mesh networks. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Routing and mobility approaches in IPv6 over LoWPAN mesh networks

In the Internet of Health Things (IoHT)-based e-Health paradigm, a large number of computational-intensive tasks have to be offloaded from resource-limited IoHT devices to proximal powerful edge servers to reduce latency and improve energy efficiency. However, the lack of global state information (GSI), the adversarial competition among multiple IoHT devices, and the ultra reliable and low latency communication (URLLC) constraints have imposed new challenges for task offloading optimization. In this article, we formulate the task offloading problem as an adversarial multi-armed bandit (MAB) problem. In addition to the average-based performance metrics, bound violation probability, occurrence probability of extreme events, and statistical properties of excess values are employed to characterize URLLC constraints. Then, we propose a URLLC-aware Task Offloading scheme based on the exponential-weight algorithm for exploration and exploitation (EXP3) named UTO-EXP3. URLLC awareness is achieved by dynamically balancing the URLLC constraint deficits and energy consumption through online learning. We provide a rigorous theoretical analysis to show that guaranteed performance with a bounded deviation can be achieved by UTO-EXP3 based on only local information. Finally, the effectiveness and reliability of UTO-EXP3 are validated through simulation results.

Learning-Based URLLC-Aware Task Offloading for Internet of Health Things

The recent years realize a progressive transition where fixed computing reached maturity and the mobility age started to thrive. Nowadays, another transition from the mobility age to the “Internet of Everything” (IoE) is taking place. In the IoE vision, several types of quotidian objects will be able to communicate over the Internet. As a result, it is expected that within a decade, IoE will have an economic value of $14.4 trillion, as the number of devices connected to the Internet continues to increase exponentially. The support for security services in these emerging resource-constrained devices is considered a challenge but needs to take into account from the very early stages of the wireless network inception. This paper proposes a network-based intrusion detection system (IDS) for IPv6-enabled wireless sensor networks. The proposed IDS is used to detect security attacks based on traffic signatures and abnormal behaviors.

Policy and network-based intrusion detection system for IPv6-enabled wireless sensor networks

Smart grid is a new emerging technology which is able to intelligently control the power consumption via network. Therefore, the efficiency of the information exchange between the power suppliers (or control centers) and power customers is an important issue for smart grid. Moreover, the performance of the smart grid usually depends on the customer's satisfaction degree which belongs to the field of quality of experience. In this article, we propose a QoE-driven power scheduling in the context of smart grid from the perspectives of architecture, strategy, and methodology. Specifically, it takes into account the QoE requirement when designing the power allocation scheme. For obtaining the QoE requirement, we analyze the fluctuation of the power load and the impact of the transmission delay. In particular, the power allocation is formulated as an optimization problem that maximizes the social welfare of the system. Based on the given QoE model, an efficient power scheduling scheme is proposed by jointly considering the admission control and QoE expectation. Extensive simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme can efficiently allocate the power according to the dynamic QoE requirements in a practical smart grid system.

Luis M. L. Oliveira

Papers

Wireless Sensor Networks: a Survey on Environmental Monitoring

Routing and mobility approaches in IPv6 over LoWPAN mesh networks

Learning-Based URLLC-Aware Task Offloading for Internet of Health Things

Policy and network-based intrusion detection system for IPv6-enabled wireless sensor networks

QoE-driven power scheduling in smart grid: architecture, strategy, and methodology