Statistics for analytical chemistry

Occurrence, sources, and fate of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environment and soil.

This Task Force held two meetings: the first meeting was Dec. 10, 2005, in the Kaw Room at the Hays House, with all the above in attendance. Another meeting with a subcommittee consisting of Jim Ransom, Andy Hutter and George Forrester, and attended also by Master Plan Coordinator Curt Brungardt, was held Feb. 3, 2006, at the Kansas Wildlife and Parks (KWP) Headquarters at Council Grove Reservoir, so that we could interact with key personnel from the Community Fishing Assistance Program (CFAP). State personnel attending were CFAP Director Jessica Mounts, headquartered in Pratt, KS, and Craig Johnson, the KWP biologist who will be studying CGCL and making recommendations in the future. Also attending was Randy Benteman, who is the Natural Resources Officer for the reservoir and our lake, and who carries out law enforcement activity at the lake and is a resource for water safety-related issues. The following report combines discussion and priorities assigned by the Task Force at its first meeting, with additional information obtained from the subcommittee meeting and from research conducted by the chairman and others.

Task force report

Is biological treatment a viable alternative for micropollutant removal in drinking water treatment processes

Drinking water disinfection by-products (DBPs) are an unintended consequence of using chemical disinfectants to kill harmful pathogens in water. DBPs are formed by the reaction of disinfectants with naturally occurring organic matter, bromide, and iodide, as well as from anthropogenic pollutants. Potential health risks of DBPs from drinking water include bladder cancer, early-term miscarriage, and birth defects. Risks from swimming pool DBP exposures include asthma and other respiratory effects. Several DBPs, such as trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), bromide, and chlorite, are regulated in the U.S. and in other countries, but other “emerging” DBPs, such as iodo-acids, halonitromethanes, haloamides, halofuranones, and nitrosamines, are not widely regulated. DBPs have been reported for the four major disinfectants: chlorine, chloramines, ozone, and chlorine dioxide (and their combinations), as well as for newer disinfectants, such as UV treatment with post-chlorination. Each disinfectant can produce its own suite of by-products. Several classes of emerging DBPs are increased in formation with the use of alternative disinfectants (e.g., chloramines), including nitrogen-containing DBPs (“N-DBPs”), which are generally more genotoxic and cytotoxic than those without nitrogen. Humans are exposed to DBPs not only through ingestion (the common route studied), but also through other routes, including bathing, showering, and swimming. Inhalation and dermal exposures are now being recognized as important contributors to the overall human health risk of DBPs. Analytical methods continue to be developed to measure known DBPs, and research continues to uncover new highly polar and high-molecular-weight DBPs that are part of the missing fraction of DBPs not yet accounted for. New studies are now combining toxicology and chemistry to better understand the health risks of DBPs and uncover which are responsible for the human health effects.

Drinking Water Disinfection By-products

Removal of estrogens through water disinfection processes and formation of by-products.

Microalgae are a source of high-valuable products covering a wide range of applications. However, costs incurred by cultivating them make it an expensive process. The combination of wastewater treatment and microalgae cultivation is a viable option to reduce expenses related to cultivation. However, municipal wastewater from the centralized Brazilian sanitation system is highly diluted, and it is technically and economically impractical to use it for microalgae cultivation. As an alternative, diluted effluent can be mixed with a different kind of wastewater, aiming to increase the nutrient concentration (carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus) for microalgae cultivation. In this study, microalgae cultivation and wastewater mixture (municipal and piggery wastewater) treatment were monitored for four weeks. The pilot treatment system consisted of UASB as pre-treatment and Chlorella sorokiniana cultivation in three flat panel photobioreactors. High UASB efficiency was obtained in organic matter removal (> 90%), even with a large variability of initial mixture characteristics. C. sorokiniana production reached about 1 g L−1, with an average removal of dissolved inorganic carbon, orthophosphate and ammonia around 46 to 56%, 40 to 60% and 100%, respectively. Possible solutions to improve the microalgae growth and the system treatment are discussed.

Microalgae cultivation for municipal and piggery wastewater treatment in Brazil

The toxic potential of four disinfectant agents (chlorine, ozone, peracetic acid and UV radiation), used in the disinfection of urban wastewater, was evaluated with respect to four aquatic organisms. Disinfection assays were carried out with wastewater from the city of Araraquara (Sao Paulo State, Brazil), and subsequently, toxicity bioassays were applied in order to verify possible adverse effects to the cladocerans (Ceriodaphnia silvestrii and Daphnia similis), midge larvae Chironomus xanthus and fish (Danio rerio). Under the experimental conditions tested, all the disinfectants were capable of producing harmful effects on the test organisms, except for C. xanthus. The toxicity of the effluent to C. silvestrii was observed to increase significantly as a result of disinfection using 2.5 mg L−1 chlorine and 29.9 mg L−1 ozone. Ozonation and chlorination significantly affected the survival of D. similis and D. rerio, causing mortality of 60 to 100 % in comparison to the non-disinfected effluent. In experiments with effluent treated with peracetic acid (PAA) and UV radiation, a statistically significant decrease in survival was only detected for D. rerio. This investigation suggested that the study of the ideal concentrations of disinfectants is a research need for ecologically safe options for the treatment of wastewater.

Toxicity on aquatic organisms exposed to secondary effluent disinfected with chlorine, peracetic acid, ozone and UV radiation

Anaerobic effluent disinfection using ozone: Byproducts formation

http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/47451/3/new_ozonation_Oliveira.pdf

Luiz Antonio Daniel

Papers

Removal of estrogens through water disinfection processes and formation of by-products.

Microalgae cultivation for municipal and piggery wastewater treatment in Brazil

Toxicity on aquatic organisms exposed to secondary effluent disinfected with chlorine, peracetic acid, ozone and UV radiation

Anaerobic effluent disinfection using ozone: Byproducts formation

Identification of new ozonation disinfection byproducts of 17β-estradiol and estrone in water.