The issues of global warming and depletion of fossil fuels have paved opportunities to electric vehicle (EV). Moreover, the rapid development of power electronics technologies has even realized high energy-efficient vehicles. EV could be the alternative to decrease the global green house gases emission as the energy consumption in the world transportation is high. However, EV faces huge challenges in battery cost since one-third of the EV cost lies on battery. This paper reviews state-of-the-art of the energy sources, storage devices, power converters, low-level control energy management strategies and high supervisor control algorithms used in EV. The comparison on advantages and disadvantages of vehicle technology is highlighted. In addition, the standards and patterns of drive cycles for EV are also outlined. The advancement of power electronics and power processors has enabled sophisticated controls (low-level and high supervisory algorithms) to be implemented in EV to achieve optimum performance as well as the realization of fast-charging stations. The rapid growth of EV has led to the integration of alternative resources to the utility grid and hence smart grid control plays an important role in managing the demand. The awareness of environmental issue and fuel crisis has brought up the sales of EV worldwide.

A review of energy sources and energy management system in electric vehicles

Battery versus hybrid power sources performance is examined in the manuscript. Passive, semi-active and fully active battery–ultracapacitor hybrids show obvious superiority over battery only powered pulsed current loads. Passive hybrid is the most simple and cheap arrangement, however its uncontrolled nature results in several drawbacks during the operation. On the other hand, the fully active hybrids achieve superior performance at the expense of two DC–DC converters and the corresponding control circuitry. The trade off between the topologies is the semi-active hybrid, employing only one DC–DC converter and attaining a compromising performance. The thorough characterization of each topology and sub-topology is presented in the manuscript and design methodology is derived for a particular case of pulsed current load.

Battery–ultracapacitor hybrids for pulsed current loads: A review

In this paper we propose two modeling procedures for wind speed simulation. These procedures could be implemented on the structure of a wind turbine simulator during studies concerning stand-alone or hybrid wind systems. The evolution of a horizontal wind speed has been synthesized taking into account two components. The medium- and long-term component is described by a power spectrum associated to a specific site. The turbulence component is assumed to be dependent on the medium- and long-term wind speed evolution. It is considered as a nonstationary process. Two simulation methods for this component, using rational and nonrational filters are proposed. In both procedures, the turbulence model is defined by two parameters, which are either obtained experimentally, or adopted a priori, according to information from the considered site. Numerical results and implementation aspects are also discussed.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/8949/28458/01270996.pdf

Large band simulation of the wind speed for real time wind turbine simulators

The interconnection of the wind generator (WG) and the diesel generator (DG) induces some interactions on the common coupling point. These interactions are studied in this paper with the aim of identifying the system limits in performance and proposing an alternative solution. Due to the fast fluctuations of the WG and the DG slow dynamics, ultracapacitors and batteries are used for improving the hybrid system performances and reducing the fuel consumption. The dc-bus voltage is controlled by the diesel engine while providing a smoothed current. To ensure optimized life cycle cost and performance, a lifetime-estimation-based method is proposed. In this method, a rainflow counting method is applied to size the storage devices by taking into account the actual conditions of the system operation. The experimental test bench is designed in a reduced scale. Some simulations and experimental results are presented and analyzed.

Use of Ultracapacitors and Batteries for Efficient Energy Management in Wind–Diesel Hybrid System

International Review of Electrical Engineering (IREE)

This paper describes the modeling and control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) of 5MW for wind farms applications. The generators are linked to the grid by means of a fully controlled frequency converter, which consists of two three phase rectifiers, an intermediate DC-bus, and an inverter. The full system is connected to AC grid with phase to phase RMS voltage of 20kV. Proposed control strategies include the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) for the PMSG speed control, the active/reactive power control, and the DC-bus voltage management. To show the performances of the control strategies, some simulation results are presented and analyzed using Matlab/Simulink software.

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators for Offshore wind energy system linked to Grid -Modeling and Control Strategies

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the ability of the large offshore wind farms of 10MW to meet the requested energy imposed by the grid code using DC and AC configurations. In DC configuration, the wind turbines are linked to DC-bus through the rectifiers, and all produced energy is injected in electrical grid via an inverter.  In AC configuration, each wind turbine has a back to back converter for produced energy management, and the all subsystems are connected to grid through an AC-bus. The contribution of the paper presents two aspects: -The first aspect is focused on the energy management strategies using balance control, delta control and absolute control. -The second is related to the performances comparative study between the DC and AC configurations. For all configurations, the speed of the permanent magnet synchronous generator, the DC-bus voltage, and the exchanged power between wind farm and the network are controlled using grid code constraints (balance control, delta control and absolute control). To show the performances of the control strategies, some simulation results obtained with DC and AC configurations are presented and analyzed using Matlab/Simulink software.

https://www.ijrer.com/index.php/ijrer/article/download/1317/pdf

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators for Large Offshore Wind Farm Connected to Grid - Comparative Study between DC and AC Configurations

This paper describes modeling and control strategies of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators (PMSG) connected to lithium-ion battery pack to compensate intermittent energy from wind farm. Two PMSG and battery are connected to electrical grid through a back-to-back converter, and buck-boost converter in battery’s side. Full system is connected to AC grid with phase to phase RMS voltage of 20kV. Proposed control strategies are focused on Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) for PMSG speed control, active / reactive power, DC-bus voltage management and battery’s power control. To show the control strategies performances, some simulation are done using Matlab / Simulink software.

https://ijrer.com/index.php/ijrer/article/download/2018/6590

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator for Offshore Wind Energy System Connected to Grid and Battery-Modeling and Control Strategies

This paper presents a study related to a more efficient energy management between battery and Supercapacitors (SC) for Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) applications. This idea is due to the present trend in the field, knowing that the major drawback of the HEV is the autonomy problem. Thus, using supercapacitors and battery with a good energy management strategy improves the HEV performances. The originality of this paper is focused on DC-bus voltage and currents control strategy based on polynomial controller. This strategy is implemented in PIC18F4431 microcontroller for DC/DC converters control. For reasons of cost and available components (no optimized) such as the battery and power semiconductors (IGBT), the experimental test bench is designed in reduced scale. Through some simulations and experimental results the authors present an improved energy management strategy for HEV.

DC/DC converters control for embedded energy management — Supercapacitors and battery

This paper presents a careful study related to a more efficient energy management between lithium battery (with rated voltage of 24V) and Ultracapacitors (UC) for Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) applications. This association is due to the present trend in the field, knowing that the major drawback of the HEV is the autonomy problem. Thus, using the Hybrid energy source (such as UC + battery) and with a good energy management improves the HEV performances. In this paper, battery and Ultracapacitors (10 cells of 2.7V in series) are coupled to DC-bus using two buck-boost converters. The main contribution of this paper is focused on DC-bus voltage and currents control strategy based on polynomial (RST) controller. Through some simulations in MATLAB/Simulink software and experimental results, the authors present an improved energy management for HEV.

/pdf/buck-boost-converters-design-for-ultracapacitors-and-lithium-4vpq552ln5.pdf

M. B. Camara

Papers

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators for Offshore wind energy system linked to Grid -Modeling and Control Strategies

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators for Large Offshore Wind Farm Connected to Grid - Comparative Study between DC and AC Configurations

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator for Offshore Wind Energy System Connected to Grid and Battery-Modeling and Control Strategies

DC/DC converters control for embedded energy management — Supercapacitors and battery

Buck-boost converters design for Ultracapacitors and lithium battery mixing in hybrid vehicle applications