Electrical energy storage technologies for stationary applications are reviewed. Particular attention is paid to pumped hydroelectric storage, compressed air energy storage, battery, flow battery, fuel cell, solar fuel, superconducting magnetic energy storage, flywheel, capacitor/supercapacitor, and thermal energy storage. Comparison is made among these technologies in terms of technical characteristics, applications and deployment status.

http://promexico.me/Rubenius/WhitePapers/sdarticle%20(1).pdf

Progress in electrical energy storage system: A critical review

Solar thermal energy represents an increasingly attractive renewable source.However,to provide continuous availability of this energy,it must be stored. This paper presents the state of the art on high temperature(573-1273K)solar thermal energy storage based on chemical reactions,which seems to be the most advantageous one for long-term storage. The paper summarizes the numerical,experimental and technological studies done so far. Each system is described and the advantages and drawbacks of each reaction couple are considered.

/pdf/a-review-on-high-temperature-thermochemical-heat-energy-4qkpmhbwrp.pdf

A review on high temperature thermochemical heat energy storage

We take a fresh look at the major nonrenewable and renewable energy sources and examine their long-term viability, scalability, and the sustainability of the resources that they use. We achieve this by asking what would happen if each energy source was a single supply of power for the world, as a gedanken experiment. From this perspective, a solar hydrogen economy emerges as a dominant solution to the world's energy needs. If we globally tap sunlight over only 1% of the incident area at only an energy conversion efficiency of 1%, it is simple to show that this meets our current world energy consumption. As 9% of the planet surface area is taken up by desert and efficiencies well over 1% are possible, in practice, this opens up many exciting future opportunities. Specifically, we find solar thermal collection via parabolic reflectors - where focussed sunlight heats steam to about 600?C to drive a turbine - is the best available technology for generating electricity. For static power storage, to provide electricity at night, there are a number of viable options that are discussed. For mobile power storage, such as for fueling vehicles, we argue the case for both liquid and gaseous hydrogen for use in internal combustion engines. We outline a number of reasons why semiconductor solar cells and hydrogen fuel cells do not appear to scale up for a global solution. We adopt an approach that envisions exploiting massive economy of scale by establishing large arrays of solar collectors in hot desert regions of the world. For nonrenewable sources we argue that we cannot wait for them to be exhausted - we need to start conserving them imminently. What is often forgotten in the energy debate is that oil, natural gas, and coal are not only used as energy sources, but we also rely on them for embodying many crucial physical products. It is this fact that requires us to develop a solar hydrogen platform with urgency. It is argued that a solar future is unavoidable, as ultimately humankind has no other choice.

Keeping the Energy Debate Clean: How Do We Supply the World's Energy Needs?

We take a fresh look at the major nonrenewable and renewable energy sources and examine their long-term viability, scalability, and the sustainability of the resources that they use. We achieve this by asking what would happen if each energy source was a single supply of power for the world, as a gedanken experiment. From this perspective, a solar hydrogen economy emerges as a dominant solution to the world's energy needs. If we globally tap sunlight over only 1% of the incident area at only an energy conversion efficiency of 1%, it is simple to show that this meets our current world energy consumption. As 9% of the planet surface area is taken up by desert and efficiencies well over 1% are possible, in practice, this opens up many exciting future opportunities. Specifically, we find solar thermal collection via parabolic reflectorsV where focussed sunlight heats steam to about 600 � C to drive a turbineVis the best available technology for generating electricity. For static power storage, to provide electricity at night, there are a number of viable options that are discussed. For mobile power storage, such as for fueling vehicles, we argue the case for both liquid and gaseous hydrogen for use in internal combustion engines. We outline a number of reasons why semiconductor solar cells and hydrogen fuel cells do not appear to scale up for a global solution. We adopt an approach that envisions exploiting massive economy of scale by establishing large arrays of solar collectors in hot desert regions of the world. For nonrenewable sources we argue that we cannot wait for them to be exhaustedVwe need to start conserving them imminently. What is often forgotten in the energy debate is that oil, natural gas, and coal are not only used as energy sources, but we also rely on them for embodying many crucial physical products. It is this fact that requires us to develop a solar hydrogen platform with urgency. It is argued that a solar future is unavoidable, as ultimately humankind has no other choice.

/pdf/keeping-the-energy-debate-clean-how-do-we-supply-the-world-s-51r9h2v50b.pdf

Keeping the Energy Debate Clean: How Do We Supply the World's Energy Needs? Proposed solutions include: Sensible energy conservation; Solar thermal collection using parabolic reflectors; Hydrogen used as an energy carrier in combustion engines and for energy storage and transportation.

Solar Thermochemical Process Technology

Using a closed-loop thermochemical system based on the reversible ammonia reaction is one of the possible ways for building solar thermal power systems capable of providing electricity on a 24-hour basis without the need for any fossil fuel back-up. In a collaborative effort between industrial and academic partners from Australia, Switzerland, Germany and Malaysia, a study was undertaken to examine the techno-economic viability of this solar concept by formulating a preliminary design for a hypothetical 10 MW e demonstration system in Central Australia It was found that a carefully designed demonstration solar power plant, which dominantly uses proven and standard materials, components and technologies, is likely to cost of the order of AUD 157 million and operate with a net solar-to-electric conversion efficiency of 18% and a capacity factor of 80%. This will result in levelised electricity costs (LEC) of about AUD 0.24 per kWh e .

M. Chandapillai

Papers

Base-load solar thermal power using thermochemical energy storage