Hydrogels obtained from natural polymers have received widespread attention for their excellent biocompatible property, nontoxicity, easy gelation, and functionalization. Polysaccharides can regulate the gut microbiota and improve the intestinal microenvironment, thus exerting the healthy effect of intestinal immunity. In an active substance delivery system, the extent and speed of the substance reaching its target are highly dependent on the carrier. Thus, the smart active substance delivery systems are gradually increasing. The smart polysaccharide-hydrogels possess the ability in response to external stimuli through changing their volume phase and structure, which are applied in various fields. Natural polysaccharide-based hydrogels possess excellent characteristics of environmental friendliness, good biocompatibility, and abundant sources. According to the response type, natural polysaccharide-based hydrogels are usually divided into stimulus-responsive hydrogels, including internal response (pH, temperature, enzyme, redox) and external response (light, electricity, magnetism) hydrogels. The delivery system based on polysaccharides can exert their effects in the gastrointestinal tract. At the same time, polysaccharides may also take part in regulating the brain signals through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Therefore, natural polysaccharide-hydrogels are considered as promising biomaterials, which can be designed as delivery systems for regulating the gut-brain axis. This article reviews the research advance of stimulus-responsive hydrogels, which focus on the types, response characteristics, and applications for polysaccharide-based smart hydrogels as delivery systems.

Recent Advances of Stimuli-Responsive Polysaccharide Hydrogels in Delivery Systems: A Review.

Citric acid crosslinked sphingan WL gum hydrogel films supported ciprofloxacin for potential wound dressing application.

This study investigates leakage free electrolyte engraved flexible supercapacitors fabricated using Chitosan/graphene oxide@MnCO3 polymer hydrogel chelate films. The composite hydrogel film prepared under BMIMBF4 ionic liquid medium via single step hydrothermal technique. The crystalline properties, chemical compositions, surface morphological observations are examined by carrying out X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy studies. The XPS summaries of the composite hydrogel reveal typical peaks of Mn 2p1/2 (653.2 eV), Mn 2p3/2 (641.7 eV), N1s (401.1 eV), and C1s (285.6 eV). The fabricated supercapacitor exhibits notable gravimetric capacitance of 312.5 Fg−1 with good energy density. It performs good capacity retention around 87% after 10,000 charge-discharge cycles. The flexible hydrogel-based supercapacitor may initiate the suitability for smart electronic devices and wearable electronics as energy storage system.

Leakage free electrolyte engraved flexible supercapacitors from Chitosan/GO@MnCO3 polymer hydrogel chelate film under BMIMBF4 ionic liquid assistance.

Chitosan/benzyloxy-benzaldehyde modified ZnO nano template having optimized and distinct antiviral potency to human cytomegalovirus

Over the last years of research on drug delivery systems (DDSs), natural polymer-based hydrogels have shown many scientific advances due to their intrinsic properties and a wide variety of potential applications. While drug efficacy and cytotoxicity play a key role, adopting a proper DDS is crucial to preserve the drug along the route of administration and possess desired therapeutic effect at the targeted site. Thus, drug delivery technology can be used to overcome the difficulties of maintaining drugs at a physiologically related serum concentration for prolonged periods. Due to their outstanding biocompatibility, polysaccharides have been thoroughly researched as a biological material for DDS advancement. To formulate a modified DDS, polysaccharides can cross-link with different molecules, resulting in hydrogels. According to our recent findings, targeted drug delivery at a certain spot occurs due to external stimulation such as temperature, pH, glucose, or light. As an adjustable biomedical device, the hydrogel has tremendous potential for nanotech applications in involved health areas such as pharmaceutical and biomedical engineering. An overview of hydrogel characteristics and functionalities is provided in this review. We focus on discussing the various kinds of hydrogel-based systems on their potential for effectively delivering drugs that are made of polysaccharides.

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A Review on Biomedical Application of Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogels with a Focus on Drug Delivery Systems

A plethora of applications using polysaccharides have been developed in recent years due to their availability as well as their frequent nontoxicity and biodegradability. These polymers are usually obtained from renewable sources or are byproducts of industrial processes, thus, their use is collaborative in waste management and shows promise for an enhanced sustainable circular economy. Regarding the development of novel delivery systems for biotherapeutics, the potential of polysaccharides is attractive for the previously mentioned properties and also for the possibility of chemical modification of their structures, their ability to form matrixes of diverse architectures and mechanical properties, as well as for their ability to maintain bioactivity following incorporation of the biomolecules into the matrix. Biotherapeutics, such as proteins, growth factors, gene vectors, enzymes, hormones, DNA/RNA, and antibodies are currently in use as major therapeutics in a wide range of pathologies. In the present review, we summarize recent progress in the development of polysaccharide-based hydrogels of diverse nature, alone or in combination with other polymers or drug delivery systems, which have been implemented in the delivery of biotherapeutics in the pharmaceutical and biomedical fields.

M. Isabel Rial-Hermida

Papers

Recent Progress on Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogels for Controlled Delivery of Therapeutic Biomolecules.