Nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) hold promise for a number of scientific and technological applications. In particular, NEMS oscillators have been proposed for use in ultrasensitive mass detection, radio-frequency signal processing, and as a model system for exploring quantum phenomena in macroscopic systems. Perhaps the ultimate material for these applications is a carbon nanotube. They are the stiffest material known, have low density, ultrasmall cross-sections and can be defect-free. Equally important, a nanotube can act as a transistor and thus may be able to sense its own motion. In spite of this great promise, a room-temperature, self-detecting nanotube oscillator has not been realized, although some progress has been made. Here we report the electrical actuation and detection of the guitar-string-like oscillation modes of doubly clamped nanotube oscillators. We show that the resonance frequency can be widely tuned and that the devices can be used to transduce very small forces.

A tunable carbon nanotube electromechanical oscillator

Our challenge is clear: The drive for performance and the end of voltage scaling have made power, and not the number of transistors, the principal factor limiting further improvements in computing performance. Continuing to scale compute performance will require the creation and effective use of new specialized compute engines, and will require the participation of application experts to be successful. If we play our cards right, and develop the tools that allow our customers to become part of the design process, we will create a new wave of innovative and efficient computing devices.

1.1 Computing's energy problem (and what we can do about it)

Advances in wireless technologies, low-power electronics, the internet of things, and in the domain of connected health are driving innovations in wearable medical devices at a tremendous pace. Wearable sensor systems composed of flexible and stretchable materials have the potential to better interface to the human skin, whereas silicon-based electronics are extremely efficient in sensor data processing and transmission. Therefore, flexible and stretchable sensors combined with low-power silicon-based electronics are a viable and efficient approach for medical monitoring. Flexible medical devices designed for monitoring human vital signs, such as body temperature, heart rate, respiration rate, blood pressure, pulse oxygenation, and blood glucose have applications in both fitness monitoring and medical diagnostics. As a review of the latest development in flexible and wearable human vitals sensors, the essential components required for vitals sensors are outlined and discussed here, including the reported sensor systems, sensing mechanisms, sensor fabrication, power, and data processing requirements.

Monitoring of Vital Signs with Flexible and Wearable Medical Devices

With the increasing clock rate and transistor count of today's microprocessors, power dissipation is becoming a critical component of system design complexity. Thermal and power-delivery issues are becoming especially critical for high-performance computing systems. In this work, we investigate dynamic thermal management as a technique to control CPU power dissipation. With the increasing usage of clock gating techniques, the average power dissipation typically seen by common applications is becoming much less than the chip's rated maximum power dissipation. However system designers still must design thermal heat sinks to withstand the worse-case scenario. We define and investigate the major components of any dynamic thermal management scheme. Specifically we explore the tradeoffs between several mechanisms for responding to periods of thermal trauma and we consider the effects of hardware and software implementations. With approximate dynamic thermal management, the CPU can be designed for a much lower maximum power rating, with minimal performance impact for typical applications.

Dynamic thermal management for high-performance microprocessors

Despite their increasing sophistication, wireless sensor networks still do not exploit the most powerful of the human senses: vision. Indeed, vision provides humans with unmatched capabilities to distinguish objects and identify their importance. Our work seeks to provide sensor networks with similar capabilities by exploiting emerging, cheap, low-power and small form factor CMOS imaging technology. In fact, we can go beyond the stereo capabilities of human vision, and exploit the large scale of sensor networks to provide multiple, widely different perspectives of the physical phenomena. To this end, we have developed a small camera device called Cyclops that bridges the gap between the computationally constrained wireless sensor nodes such as Motes, and CMOS imagers which, while low power and inexpensive, are nevertheless designed to mate with resource-rich hosts. Cyclops enables development of new class of vision applications that span across wireless sensor network. We describe our hardware and software architecture, its temporal and power characteristics and present some representative applications.

Cyclops: In Situ Image Sensing and Interpretation in Wireless Sensor Networks

IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference

Recently, a technological alternative to CCD in the form of cameras using sensors built from standard CMOS processes has appeared, and we report here a further milestone A single-chip NTSC video camera can be partitioned into analog (custom) and digital (cell-based) sections The sensing heart of the device is an array of 306/spl times/244 photosensitive elements, each comprising a three-transistor active pixel based on a standard CMOS n +/p-well photodiode Photocharge integrated in the pixel during exposure is read row-sequentially into a column structure that removes the systematic offset of each pixel by a read sequence with correlated double sampling

A single-chip 306/spl times/244-pixel CMOS NTSC video camera

We report a single-chip CMOS NTSC video camera, incorporating a 306/spl times/244 image sensor array, sensor readout logic, A/D and D/A converters, and a custom 300-MIPS processor for color reconstruction and NTSC encoding. Operation is from a single 5-V supply and a 14.32-MHz crystal clock. Implementation is in 0.8-/spl mu/ single-poly-double-metal (SPDM) CMOS, integrating some 580 000 devices on a 68-mm/sup 2/ die. A related dual-standard PAL/NTSC coprocessor is also described, extending the architectural basis of the single-chip device whilst incorporating more complex signal-processing function. In this case, implementation is in 0.6-/spl mu/m SPDM CMOS, integrating some 285000 devices on a 27-mm/sup 2/ die.

A single-chip CMOS 306/spl times/244-pixel NTSC video camera and a descendant coprocessor device

A miniature mobile imaging module combines a 0.5 /spl mu/m CMOS CIF imager with a 0.18 /spl mu/m co-processor within a compact lensed package. It provides 15 frames/s ITU-Rec.656 data with 50 mW consumption. Automatic flicker-detection is one of the features that help the camera function in a mobile application.

A miniature imaging module for mobile applications

We report a single-chip CMOS NTSC video camera, incorporating a 306 244 image sensor array, sensor readout logic, A/D and D/A converters, and a custom 300-MIPS processor for color reconstruction and NTSC encoding. Operation is from a single 5-V supply and a 14.32-MHz crystal clock. Implementation is in 0.8- single-poly-double-metal (SPDM) CMOS, integrating some 580 000 devices on a 68-mm die. A related dual-standard PAL/NTSC coprocessor is also described, extending the architec- tural basis of the single-chip device whilst incorporating more complex signal-processing function. In this case, implementation is in 0.6- m SPDM CMOS, integrating some 285 000 devices on a 27-mm die.

M.J. Panaghiston

Papers

IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference

A single-chip 306/spl times/244-pixel CMOS NTSC video camera

A single-chip CMOS 306/spl times/244-pixel NTSC video camera and a descendant coprocessor device

A miniature imaging module for mobile applications

A single chip CMOS 306x244 pixel NTSC video camera and a descendant coprocessor device