International Journal of Computer and Applications

This document provides updates to IEEE Std 802.16's MIB for the MAC, PHY and asso- ciated management procedures in order to accommodate recent extensions to the standard.

IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems Draft Amendment: Management Information Base Extensions

Advances in wireless communication technologies, such as wearable and implantable biosensors, along with recent developments in the embedded computing area are enabling the design, development, and implementation of body area networks. This class of networks is paving the way for the deployment of innovative healthcare monitoring applications. In the past few years, much of the research in the area of body area networks has focused on issues related to wireless sensor designs, sensor miniaturization, low-power sensor circuitry, signal processing, and communications protocols. In this paper, we present an overview of body area networks, and a discussion of BAN communications types and their related issues. We provide a detailed investigation of sensor devices, physical layer, data link layer, and radio technology aspects of BAN research. We also present a taxonomy of BAN projects that have been introduced/proposed to date. Finally, we highlight some of the design challenges and open issues that still need to be addressed to make BANs truly ubiquitous for a wide range of applications.

Body Area Networks: A Survey

The problem of idle listening is one of the most significant sources of energy consumption in wireless sensor nodes, and many techniques have been proposed based on duty cycling to reduce this cost. In this paper, we present a new asynchronous duty cycle MAC protocol, called Receiver-Initiated MAC (RI-MAC), that uses receiver-initiated data transmission in order to efficiently and effectively operate over a wide range of traffic loads. RI-MAC attempts to minimize the time a sender and its intended receiver occupy the wireless medium to find a rendezvous time for exchanging data, while still decoupling the sender and receiver's duty cycle schedules. We show the performance of RI-MAC through detailed ns-2 simulation and through measurements of an implementation in TinyOS in a testbed of MICAz motes. Compared to the prior asynchronous duty cycling approach of X-MAC, RI-MAC achieves higher throughput, packet delivery ratio, and power efficiency under a wide range of traffic loads. Especially when there are contending flows, such as bursty traffic or transmissions from hidden nodes, RI-MAC significantly improves throughput and packet delivery ratio. Even under light traffic load for which X-MAC is optimized, RI-MAC achieves the same high performance in terms of packet delivery ratio and latency while maintaining comparable power efficiency.

/pdf/ri-mac-a-receiver-initiated-asynchronous-duty-cycle-mac-4rb0jcbw11.pdf

RI-MAC: a receiver-initiated asynchronous duty cycle MAC protocol for dynamic traffic loads in wireless sensor networks

http://www.inf.ufes.br/~zegonc/material/Redes%20de%20Sensores%20sem%20Fio/MAC%20in%20WSN.pdf

Medium access control in wireless sensor networks

Sensor networks are deployed in remote locations with limited processor capabilities, memory capacities, and battery supplies. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) detects environmental information with sensors in remote settings. One problem facing WSNs is the inability to resupply power to these energy-constrained devices due to their remoteness. Therefore to extend a WSN's effectiveness, the lifetime of the network must be increased by making them as energy efficient as possible. An energy-efficient medium access control (MAC) can boost a WSN's lifetime. This paper focuses on a protocol stack solution that deals with MAC layer, that minimizes the energy consumption and delay required to transmit packets across the network. It is based on Sensor Medium Access Control (S-MAC) called Adaptive SMAC protocol designed for sensor networks. It enables low duty cycle operation in a multi-hop network and common sleep schedules to reduce control overhead and enable traffic adaptive wakeup. To reduce control overhead and latency, introduces coordinated sleeping among neighboring nodes. It is a contention based protocol based on CSMA/CA mechanism. This protocol is simulated in NS-2 and performance evaluated using various topologies under various traffic conditions. In addition with this we tried to improve the energy efficiency of Adaptive SMAC with the help of a new design called Adaptive Cross MAC protocol

/pdf/an-adaptive-energy-efficient-mac-protocol-for-wireless-181qyg8lvw.pdf

An adaptive energy efficient mac protocol for wireless sensor networks

Spectrum sensing is an important functionality of cognitive radio (CR). Accuracy and speed of estimation are the key indicators to select the appropriate spectrum sensing technique. Conventional spectrum estimation techniques which are based on short time Fourier transform (STFT) suffer from familiar problems such as low frequency resolution, high variance of estimated power spectrum and high side lobes/leakages. Methods such as multitaper spectrum estimation successfully alleviate these infarctions but exact a high price in terms of complexity. On these accounts, it appears that the filter bank spectrum estimation formulated by F. Boroujeny and wavelet based spectrum estimates are the most promising and pragmatic approaches for CR applications. This article surveys and appraises available literature on various spectrum sensing techniques and discusses spectrum sensing as a key element of CR system design.

A survey on spectrum sensing techniques for cognitive radio

Biometric Recognition and Authentication is used in many applications for the secured identification of the persons. Several Researches has been carried out to strengthen the security algorithms through which the identification can be done in secured manner. With this objective, a new algorithm called Hybrid Adaptive Fusion(HAF) has been proposed which works on the principle of hybrid fusion of two feature inputs such as Hand geometry and iris of the users. As mentioned, the proposed algorithm uses the novel and hybrid fusion of feature extraction along with the accurate machine learning classifier. Effective Linear Binary Patterns (ELBP) and Scale Invariant Fourier Transform (SIFT) are stored in the databases for the further verification. The features stored are fed into the Extreme Learning machines for the detection of the verified users. This algorithm has been tested with the CASIA Image Datasets and with the different classifiers such as Neural Networks, Baiyes Networks. The proposed algorithm with ELM has better accuracy of 98.5% when compared with the other machine learning algorithms.

A Multimodal Authentication for Biometric Recognition System using Intelligent Hybrid Fusion Techniques.

Nipple Segmentation and Localization Using Modified U-Net on Breast Ultrasound Images

Computational complexity and error propagation phenomenon are important drawbacks of existing Decision Feedback Equalizers (DFE) for dispersive channels. A new Iterative Block DFE (IBDFE) is considered where the equalization is performed iteratively on blocks of received signal in the frequency domain i.e. both signal processing and filter design are in frequency domain. Thus computational complexity is reduced and error propagation is limited to one block. The feed forward and feedback filters of DFE are designed with the minimization of Mean Square Error (MSE) at detector input as the parameter for effective detection. Two design methods have been solved and simulated for a Rayleigh fading channel. Channel is assumed to be time in-variant during one block of data (128 symbols) transmission. In the first method, the hard detected data are used as the input to the feedback, and filters are designed according to the correlation between detected and transmitted data. In the second method, the feedback signal is directly designed from soft detection of the equalized signal at the previous iteration. Estimates of the parameters involved in the FF and FB filters are also solved and used to evaluate the filter coefficients. From simulation, it was found that the IBDFE as claimed in the research literature performs better than the time domain DFE.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/5191366/5204362/05204497.pdf

M. K. Lakshmanan

Papers

An adaptive energy efficient mac protocol for wireless sensor networks

A survey on spectrum sensing techniques for cognitive radio

A Multimodal Authentication for Biometric Recognition System using Intelligent Hybrid Fusion Techniques.

Nipple Segmentation and Localization Using Modified U-Net on Breast Ultrasound Images

Frequency domain equalization for single carrier wireless systems