The first part of this two-part review focused on the fundamental and diagnostics aspects of laser-induced plasmas, only touching briefly upon concepts such as sensitivity and detection limits and largely omitting any discussion of the vast panorama of the practical applications of the technique. Clearly a true LIBS community has emerged, which promises to quicken the pace of LIBS developments, applications, and implementations. With this second part, a more applied flavor is taken, and its intended goal is summarizing the current state-of-the-art of analytical LIBS, providing a contemporary snapshot of LIBS applications, and highlighting new directions in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, such as novel approaches, instrumental developments, and advanced use of chemometric tools. More specifically, we discuss instrumental and analytical approaches (e.g., double- and multi-pulse LIBS to improve the sensitivity), calibration-free approaches, hyphenated approaches in which techniques such as Raman and fluorescence are coupled with LIBS to increase sensitivity and information power, resonantly enhanced LIBS approaches, signal processing and optimization (e.g., signal-to-noise analysis), and finally applications. An attempt is made to provide an updated view of the role played by LIBS in the various fields, with emphasis on applications considered to be unique. We finally try to assess where LIBS is going as an analytical field, where in our opinion it should go, and what should still be done for consolidating the technique as a mature method of chemical analysis.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1366/11-06574

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), part II: review of instrumental and methodological approaches to material analysis and applications to different fields.

The presented review summarizes nearly two decades of studies on femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectrometry (fs-LIBS). When an ultra-short (<1 ps) laser pulse is used for ablation, the physics of laser-induced plasma changes dramatically in comparison with ablation by pico or nanosecond pulses. A femtosecond laser pulse interacts only with the electron subsystem, while nanosecond pulses continuously interact with different thermodynamic states of material, starting from solid through liquid into plasma. The properties of ultra-short laser radiation, the timescale of fs-laser ablation and the radiative properties of fs plasma are briefly described. We consider the advantages of fs-LIBS, namely, low ablation thresholds, high-spatial resolution, and rapid analysis of samples, which require minimal invasion and allow high-efficiency transportation of laser radiation in filamentation mode for remote analysis. Moreover, we discussed possible limitations of the technique and different approaches to overcome such constraints while retaining the unique possibilities of fs-LIBS.

Femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for analysis of plant materials: A review

Silicon-mediated alleviation of Cr(VI) toxicity in wheat seedlings as evidenced by chlorophyll florescence, laser induced breakdown spectroscopy and anatomical changes.

/pdf/mapping-of-lead-magnesium-and-copper-accumulation-in-plant-4z1cp70aiy.pdf

Mapping of lead, magnesium and copper accumulation in plant tissues by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

This article reports on the utilization of X-ray microradiography and laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) techniques for investigation of the metal accumulation in different part of leaf samples. The potential of the LIBS-analysis for finding the proper plant species for phytoremediation is compared with the results of microradiography measurements at the HERCULES source at ENEA, Rome (Italy) and X-ray microradiography experiments at the ELETTRA Synchrotron, Trieste (Italy).

M. Lis˘ka

Papers

Monitoring of the heavy-metal hyperaccumulation in vegetal tissues by X-ray radiography and by femto-second laser induced breakdown spectroscopy.