Calorimetry plays a crucial role in modern experimental physics. Calorimeters are essential tools to extract physics in accelerator and non-accelerator experiments. The physics phenomena at the base of cascading processes in matter and the basic principles of calorimeters operation are reviewed at the light of data obtained from running experiments or from sets of dedicated measurements and the constraints from physics requirements. From this understanding comes the possibility of building powerful calorimetric systems with the optimal performances required by future experiments at high-energy and ultrahigh-energy regimes.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0034-4885/63/4/202/pdf

Physics of cascading shower generation and propagation in matter: principles of high-energy, ultrahigh-energy and compensating calorimetry

This work presents an overview of the most important mechanisms of radiation damage in silicon detectors to be used for high energy experiments in LHC. The changes in the shallow concentration have been studied by thermally stimulated currents (TSC) after proton and neutron irradiation with fluences up to 10/sup 15/ cm/sup -2/ to investigate the role of thermal donors and the donor-removal effect in standard and oxygen enriched silicon with different resistivities. Deep defects in irradiated silicon have been analysed by deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) and photo induced current transient spectroscopy (PICTS) in the same materials. The radiation-induced microscopic disorder has been related with the carrier transport properties of irradiated silicon measured by the Hall effect, by capacitance and current vs. voltage characteristics and with charge collection efficiency. The dependence of the irradiated silicon detectors performances on crystal orientation, on incident particle type and on the initial concentration of oxygen and carbon is also discussed.

Radiation damage in silicon detectors

Experimental particle physicists study the fundamental structure of matter with a variety of approaches, which may be subdivided in two classes: accelerator and non-accelerator experiments. Accelerator experiments have the advantage of well-controlled experimental circumstances, non-accelerator experiments offer the possibility of studying processes that are not accessible to the available accelerator technology.

/pdf/calorimetry-in-high-energy-physics-1trl7at44h.pdf

Calorimetry in High Energy Physics

Evidence for the compensation condition in Si/U hadronic calorimetry by the local hardening effect

Electromagnetic shower energy filtering effect. A way to achieve the compensation condition (eπ=1) in hadronic calorimetry

The SICAPO Collaboration project to build a perfectly compensating hadron calorimeter using silicon as the active medium, is described. The insertion of low-Z material (G10 plates) in front or at the rear of the silicon detectors allows fine tuning of the calorimeter response to electromagnetic showers. This is a new approach to obtaining compensation. The tuning can be exploited to obtain e/π = 1 (compensation condition). The expected performance ranks this calorimeter among the best candidates to face the severe constraints requested by the next generation of colliders.

/pdf/silicon-sampling-hadronic-calorimetry-a-tool-for-experiments-8wxusira60.pdf

Silicon sampling hadronic calorimetry: A tool for experiments at the next generation of colliders

Evidence for compensation in a Si(Fe, Pb) hadron calorimeter by the filtering effect

In a calorimeter with silicon readout, the use of a combination of low-Z (Fe) and high-Z (Pb) materials as absorbers enables the transformation of the electron energy distribution of the incident showers in two media with different critical energies via the filtering effect. As a result, the electromagnetic energy and consequently the e/MIP ratio value can be substantially reduced as a function of the thickness of high-Z (Pb) material present in the absorber, making it possible to tune the e/ pi ratio and making possible the achievement of the compensation condition e/ pi =1. >

M. Pisani

Papers

Silicon sampling hadronic calorimetry: A tool for experiments at the next generation of colliders

Evidence for compensation in a Si(Fe, Pb) hadron calorimeter by the filtering effect

Compensation studies with an Si calorimeter