I have developed "tennis elbow" from lugging this book around the past four weeks, but it is worth the pain, the effort, and the aspirin. It is also worth the (relatively speaking) bargain price. Including appendixes, this book contains 894 pages of text. The entire panorama of the neural sciences is surveyed and examined, and it is comprehensive in its scope, from genomes to social behaviors. The editors explicitly state that the book is designed as "an introductory text for students of biology, behavior, and medicine," but it is hard to imagine any audience, interested in any fragment of neuroscience at any level of sophistication, that would not enjoy this book. The editors have done a masterful job of weaving together the biologic, the behavioral, and the clinical sciences into a single tapestry in which everyone from the molecular biologist to the practicing psychiatrist can find and appreciate his or

Principles of Neural Science

One of the fastest growing areas within psychology is the field of emotion regulation. However, enthusiasm for this topic continues to outstrip conceptual clarity, and there remains considerable uncertainty as to what is even meant by “emotion regulation.” The goal of this review is to examine the current status and future prospects of this rapidly growing field. In the first section, I define emotion and emotion regulation and distinguish both from related constructs. In the second section, I use the process model of emotion regulation to selectively review evidence that different regulation strategies have different consequences. In the third section, I introduce the extended process model of emotion regulation; this model considers emotion regulation to be one type of valuation, and distinguishes three emotion regulation stages (identification, selection, implementation). In the final section, I consider five key growth points for the field of emotion regulation.

Emotion Regulation: Current Status and Future Prospects

The problem of which cues, internal or external, permit a person to label and identify his own emotional state has been with us since the days that James (1890) first tendered his doctrine that \"the bodily changes follow directly the perception of the exciting fact, and that our feeling of the same changes as they occur is the emotion\" (p. 449). Since we are aware of a variety of feeling and emotion states, it should follow from James' proposition that the various emotions will be accompanied by a variety of differentiable bodily states. Following James' pronouncement, a formidable number of studies were undertaken in search of the physiological differentiators of the emotions. The results, in these early days, were almost uniformly negative. All of the emotional states experi-

"Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state": Erratum

Individuals with schizophrenia exhibit impaired social cognition, which manifests as difficulties in identifying emotions, feeing connected to others, inferring people's thoughts and reacting emotionally to others. These social cognitive impairments interfere with social connections and are strong determinants of the degree of impaired daily functioning in such individuals. Here, we review recent findings from the fields of social cognition and social neuroscience and identify the social processes that are impaired in schizophrenia. We also consider empathy as an example of a complex social cognitive function that integrates several social processes and is impaired in schizophrenia. This information may guide interventions to improve social cognition in patients with this disorder.

Social cognition in schizophrenia

Various brain regions have been implicated in emotion regulation, although this process remains poorly understood. In this Opinion article, Etkin and colleagues bring together neuroimaging findings and ideas from value-based decision-making and reinforcement learning to propose a conceptual framework for emotion regulation. Emotions are powerful determinants of behaviour, thought and experience, and they may be regulated in various ways. Neuroimaging studies have implicated several brain regions in emotion regulation, including the ventral anterior cingulate and ventromedial prefrontal cortices, as well as the lateral prefrontal and parietal cortices. Drawing on computational approaches to value-based decision-making and reinforcement learning, we propose a unifying conceptual framework for understanding the neural bases of diverse forms of emotion regulation.

The neural bases of emotion regulation

Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation--an ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis.

Corrigendum to “Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis”

Gewalt hat viele Formen und zieht bei Betroffenen meist eine Vielzahl von Folgen nach sich. Bisher gibt es Hinweise darauf, dass Manner und Frauen unterschiedliche Arten und unterschiedliche Folgen von Gewalt erleben. Im klinischen Kontext fehlen Daten zu genauen diesbezuglichen Pravalenzen bei stationaren und ambulanten Patientinnen und Patienten. Wir haben uns dieser Frage im Rahmen einer Pravalenzerhebung an einer Uniklinik gewidmet und auch gepruft, inwiefern eine psychologische Beratung bei Gewalterlebnissen positive Effekte erzielen kann. Es sollen Pravalenzen fur verschiedene Gewaltarten unter Einbezug verschiedener demografischer Faktoren sowie Zusammenhange zwischen Gewalt und Gesundheit, Geschlecht und sozialen, wirtschaftlichen, beruflichen, psychischen und korperlichen Folgen ermittelt werden. Zudem soll die Akzeptanz und die Wirksamkeit einer psychologischen Unterstutzung ermittelt werden. Zunachst wurde die Pravalenz von Gewalterfahrungen an mehr als 5000 Patientinnen und Patienten der Uniklinik RWTH Aachen anhand eines anonymen Fragebogens zu Gewalt und Gesundheit ermittelt. Eine zweite Datenerhebung erfolgte anhand von Interviews mit 130 gewaltbetroffenen Personen zu Gewalterlebnissen und ihren vielfachen Folgen. In einem weiteren Forschungsansatz wurde ein psychologisches Beratungskonzept fur Betroffene entwickelt und hinsichtlich der Akzeptanz sowie auch der moglichen positiven Effekte evaluiert. Mit dem Erleben von Gewalt steigt das Risiko fur Erkrankungen, insbesondere mit dem Erleben multipler Gewaltarten. Wahrend psychopathologisch keine Geschlechterunterschiede erkennbar waren, hatten mehr als 60 % aller Betroffenen die klinische Diagnose einer psychischen Storung. Es bestand ein erhohtes Risiko fur solche Diagnosen, wenn mehrfache Gewaltarten in der Kindheit angegeben wurden. Personen mit psychischen Storungen gaben vermehrt subjektiv wahrgenommene Folgen von Gewalt an. Gleichzeitig stieg die Anzahl der Gewaltfolgen mit vermehrtem Gewalterleben. Erste Erfolge der psychologischen Unterstutzungsangebote zeigen sich vor allem in der Bewertung der Unterstutzung durch den Therapeuten sowie in einer zunehmenden motivationalen Klarung und Problemlosung durch die Betroffenen.

Gewalt und Gesundheit

BACKGROUND: Violence has many faces and often results in a variety of consequences Some studies indicated different types of violence and health consequences in men and women However, it is still unclear whether this is reflected in clinical context, for example in a patient sample of a German university hospital OBJECTIVES: The primary goal of the present study was to analyze associations of violence with health, gender and social, economic, job-related, psychological and physical consequences In addition, the effects of psychological treatment were examined MATERIALS AND METHODS: One line of research refers to the survey of more than 5000 patients of the university hospital Aachen, evaluating violence experience and several health complaints anonymously Another line of research deals with detailed interviews with victims of violence and their experienced consequences A final data source stems from the evaluation of psychological counseling of patients with prior experience of violence Changes in subjectively perceived depressive symptoms and acceptance of the treatment are evaluated RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Experience of violence increases the risk for several health problems, especially the experience of multiple types of violence The interviews showed that more than 60 % of the victims had a clinical diagnosis - independent of sex The risk for a clinical diagnosis increased with multiple violence experiences during childhood Patients with a clinical diagnosis indicated more subjective consequences of violence, and consequences of violence were more pronounced in patients that experienced multiple types of violence The good acceptance as well as the effects on symptomatology and other relevant therapeutic variables provides a first indication for a successful treatment of victims of violence in a clinical context Language: de

Violence and health : symptoms, consequences and treatment of victimized patients

ZusammenfassungGewalt ist ein gesellschaftlich hochrelevantes Thema mit häufig enormen Gesundheitsfolgen für die Betroffenen wie auch hohen gesundheitsökonomischen und volkswirtschaftlichen Folgekosten. Bestehende Beratungs- und Hilfsangebote beschränken sich i. d. R. auf ambulante Angebote meist freier Träger oder Vereine. Hierdurch fehlt die Erkennung sowie Versorgung von Patienten mit Gewalterfahrungen im stationären medizinischen Versorgungssystem. Ein weiterer Missstand betrifft die Erkennung und Versorgung von männlichen Gewaltopfern. Trotz umfangreicher Hilfsangebote existieren bislang nur vereinzelt genderspezifische Beratungs- und Unterstützungsangebote. Ausgehend hiervon wurde an der Uniklinik der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen das Gender Gewaltkonzept als Modellprojekt initiiert, um die Gewaltprävalenz sowie die möglichen Auswirkungen von Gewalterfahrungen auf die Gesundheit von Patienten zu ermitteln und ihre möglicherweise unterschiedlichen Versorgungsbedürfnisse genauer zu untersuchen. Aufgrund der bisherigen Ergebnisse des Gender Gewaltkonzepts und vor dem Hintergrund aktueller Prävalenzschätzungen, die nachweisen, dass Gewalterfahrungen sowohl Männer als auch Frauen in hohem Maß betreffen, sollen in dieser Übersicht neben bereits vorhandenen Hilfe- und Schutzkonzepten v. a. die nach wie vor bestehenden Lücken innerhalb des Versorgungssystems für Opfer von Gewalterfahrungen aufgezeigt werden. Es werden Ansätze präsentiert, wie diese Lücken in Zukunft geschlossen und eine möglichst flächendeckende und gendergerechte Versorgung von Gewaltopfern etabliert werden könnten.AbstractViolence is a topic of great social relevance, frequently causing tremendous health consequences for those affected and high consequential costs for health care and the national economy. The established consulting and assistance services are usually restricted to offers for ambulant supply, mainly from private agencies or societies. As a result, there is no identification and care for patients who have experienced violence and who are treated in hospital. Another deficiency is the identification and care of male victims of violence. Despite wide-ranging offers of assistance, only very few gender-specific consulting and support services have been available to date.Therefore, the model project “Gender Gewaltkonzept” was initiated at Aachen University Hospital to assess the prevalence of violence and the potential consequences of the violence experienced on the patients’ health. In addition, we investigated whether males and females are in need of different supply requirements.Based on the results of the project “Gender Gewaltkonzept” so far, and on prevalence estimates proving that there is a high rate of violent experiences in both males and females, this overview is aimed at presenting the aid and protection concepts available for victims of violence, in addition to the existing deficiencies of the care system. We present approaches to resolving these deficiencies to be able to establish all-encompassing gender-appropriate support for victims of violence.

M. Scheller

Papers

Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation--an ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis.

Corrigendum to “Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis”

Gewalt und Gesundheit

Violence and health : symptoms, consequences and treatment of victimized patients

Gendergerechte Versorgung von Gewaltopfern Das Modellprojekt "Gender Gewaltkonzept" an der Uniklinik Aachen