抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

We present an all atom potential energy function for the simulation of proteins and nucleic acids. This work is an extension of the CH united atom function recently presented by S.J. Weiner et al. J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 106, 765 (1984). The parameters of our function are based on calculations on ethane, propane, n−butane, dimethyl ether, methyl ethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, imidazole, indole, deoxyadenosine, base paired dinucleoside phosphates, adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine, thymine, insulin, and myoglobin. We have also used these parameters to carry out the first general vibrational analysis of all five nucleic acid bases with a molecular mechanics potential approach.

An all atom force field for simulations of proteins and nucleic acids.

We report the high capacity and rate capability of mesoporous Co3O4 nanowire (NW) arrays as anodes in Li ion batteries. At a current of 1C, the NW arrays maintain a capacity of 700 mAh/g after 20 discharge/charge cycles. When the current is increased to 50C, 50% of the capacity can be retained. With their ease of large area synthesis and superior electrochemical properties, these Co3O4 NW arrays will be interesting for practical Li ion batteries.

Mesoporous Co3O4 nanowire arrays for lithium ion batteries with high capacity and rate capability.

Structure, energetics, and dynamics of the nucleic Acid base pairs: nonempirical ab initio calculations.

The structure and spectroscopy of H-bonded benzoxazole derivatives.

To shed more light on the mechanisms of UV-induced hydrogen-atom-transfer processes in heterocyclic molecules, phototautomeric thione → thiol reactions were investigated for thione compounds isolated in low-temperature Ar as well as in n-H2 (normal hydrogen) matrices. These studies concerned thione compounds with a five-membered heterocyclic ring and thione compounds with a six-membered heterocyclic ring. The experimental investigation of 2-thioimidazole and 3-thio-1,2,4-triazole (thione compounds with a five-membered heterocyclic ring) revealed that for the compounds isolated in solid n-H2 only trace amounts of thiol photoproducts were photogenerated; even though for the same compounds isolated in the solid Ar matrix, the thione → thiol photoconversion was nearly total. In contrast to that, for 3-thiopyridazine and 2-thioquinoline (thione compounds with a six-membered heterocyclic ring) isolated in solid n-H2, the UV-induced thione → thiol conversion occurred with the yield reaching 25-50% of the yield of the analogous process observed for the same species isolated in solid Ar. The obtained experimental results allow us to conclude that the dissociation-association mechanism nearly exclusively governs the phototransformation in thione heterocycles with high barriers for tautomerization (such as thione compounds with a five-membered ring), whereas the strictly intramolecular hydrogen-atom shift contributes to the mechanism of hydrogen-atom transfer in thione heterocycles with lower barriers (such as thione compounds with a six-membered ring).

Effect of a Solid-Hydrogen Environment on UV-Induced Hydrogen-Atom Transfer in Matrix-Isolated Heterocyclic Thione Compounds.

Photoinduced hydrogen-atom-transfer processes presented in this review commonly occur in heterocyclic oxo and thione compounds isolated in low-temperature solid-noble-gas or solid-nitrogen environment. Analogous phototransformations were found for simple amides, thioamides and selenoamides. Such photoinduced hydrogen-atom-transfer processes, concerning compounds with no intramolecular hydrogen bond, are fundamentally different from the well-known Excited State Intramolecular Proton Transfer (ESIPT) phenomena. Attempts aimed at finding a mechanism, explaining phototautomerism in compounds where high bariers separate minima of the tautomers in S0 and S1, gave rise to introduction of the hydrogen-atom detachment on the surface of the repulsive πσ* states as a new paradigm of photochemical behaviour of heterocyclic compounds. UV-induced hydrogen-atom-transfer processes allowed photoproduction of new molecular structures never generated using other methods. Transfer of two or three hydrogen atoms was also discovered for some compounds. In most cases, hydrogen atoms were transferred from N-H groups of UV-excited molecules to such heteroatoms as O, S, Se or other N. For some species, hydrogen atoms from other groups, such as OH, SH or NH2, underwent UV-induced transfer to other atom of the molecule. This is the basis of photoreversibility observed for some oxo ↔ hydroxy, thione ↔ thiol or amino ↔ imino phototransformations. 

Distinct class of photoinduced hydrogen-atom-transfer processes: phototautomerizations in molecules with no intramolecular hydrogen bond in the structure

Maciej J. Nowak

Papers

The structure and spectroscopy of H-bonded benzoxazole derivatives.

Effect of a Solid-Hydrogen Environment on UV-Induced Hydrogen-Atom Transfer in Matrix-Isolated Heterocyclic Thione Compounds.

Distinct class of photoinduced hydrogen-atom-transfer processes: phototautomerizations in molecules with no intramolecular hydrogen bond in the structure

Photochemical and thermal isomerizations of C2h and C2v forms of para-benzoquinone dioxime: A matrix-isolation study

Photochemical transformations of 4,6-dihydroxypyrimidine and 2-methyl-4,6-dihydroxypyrimidine isolated in low-temperature Ar, Ne and H2 matrices