世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

We investigate empirically the determinants of the quality of governments in a large cross-section of countries. We assess government performance using measures of government intervention, public sector efficiency, public good provision, size of government, and political freedom. We find that countries that are poor, close to the equator, ethnolinguistically heterogeneous, use French or socialist laws, or have high proportions of Catholics or Muslims exhibit inferior government performance. We also find that the larger governments tend to be the better performing ones. The importance of (reasonably) exogenous historical factors in explaining the variation in government performance across countries sheds light on the economic, political, and cultural theories of institutions.

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The quality of government

Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity

This handbook looks to provide academics and students with a comprehensive and holistic understanding of the phenomenon of innovation. Innovation spans a number of fields within the social sciences and humanities: Management, Economics, Geography, Sociology, Politics, Psychology, and History. Consequently, the rapidly increasing body of literature on innovation is characterized by a multitude of perspectives based on, or cutting across, existing disciplines and specializations. Scholars of innovation can come from such diverse starting points that much of this literature can be missed, and so constructive dialogues missed. The editors of The Oxford Handbook of Innovation have carefully selected and designed twenty-one contributions from leading academic experts within their particular field, each focusing on a specific aspect of innovation. These have been organized into four main sections, the first of which looks at the creation of innovations, with particular focus on firms and networks. Section Two provides an account of the wider systematic setting influencing innovation and the role of institutions and organizations in this context. Section Three explores some of the diversity in the working of innovation over time and across different sectors of the economy, and Section Four focuses on the consequences of innovation with respect to economic growth, international competitiveness, and employment. An introductory overview, concluding remarks, and guide to further reading for each chapter, make this handbook a key introduction and vital reference work for researchers, academics, and advanced students of innovation. Contributors to this volume - Jan Fagerberg, University of Oslo William Lazonick, INSEAD Walter W. Powell, Stanford University Keith Pavitt, SPRU Alice Lam, Brunel University Keith Smith, INTECH Charles Edquist, Linkoping David Mowery, University of California, Berkeley Mary O'Sullivan, INSEAD Ove Granstrand, Chalmers Bjorn Asheim, University of Lund Rajneesh Narula, Copenhagen Business School Antonello Zanfei, Urbino Kristine Bruland, University of Oslo Franco Malerba, University of Bocconi Nick Von Tunzelmann, SPRU Ian Miles, University of Manchester Bronwyn Hall, University of California, Berkeley Bart Verspagen , ECIS Francisco Louca, ISEG Manuel M. Godinho, ISEG Richard R. Nelson, Mario Pianta, Urbino Bengt-Ake Lundvall, Aalborg

The Oxford Handbook of Innovation

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The Theory of Industrial Organization

Public policy is currently shifting from SME policy toward entrepreneurship policy, which supports entrepreneurship without directing attention to quantitative goals and specific firms or employment groups. The institutional framework set by public policy affects the prevalence and performance of both productive entrepreneurship and so-called high-impact entrepreneurship in turn. Although varying contexts and economic systems make prescribing a general panacea impossible, a number of relevant policy areas are identified and analyzed. Independent of environment, productive entrepreneurship should be rewarded and unproductive entrepreneurship should be discouraged. Successful ventures must also have the incentive to continue renewing themselves just as it must be easy to start and expand a business. In particular, we analyze regulatory entry and growth barriers, labor market regulation, liquidity constraints, and tax policy at length.

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Entrepreneurship and Public Policy

It is imperative that the economies of the European Union become more entrepreneurial to promote innovation and economic growth. To achieve these goals, we propose a reform strategy with respect to (i) the rule of law and the protection of property rights; (ii) the tax system; (iii) regulations governing savings, capital and finance; (iv) the organization of labor markets and social insurance systems; (v) regulations governing goods and service markets; (vi) regulations governing bankruptcy and insolvency; (vii) RD (viii) human capital investments; and (ix) informal institutions. Overall, the proposed institutional changes move in a liberalizing direction; however, one-size-fits-all policy reforms aimed at freer markets will not necessarily be successful. Instead, a successful reform strategy must consider country differences that affect the viability of reform without abandoning the long-term goal of institutional liberalization to promote entrepreneurship, innovation and growth

Institutional Reform for Innovation and Entrepreneurship: An Agenda for Europe

We investigate the long run total response among rich countries to differences in tax rates on labor income, payrolls and consumption. To guide our investigation, we rely on a simple theory of time allocation and task assignment between market and nonmarket production sectors. The theory implies that higher tax rates reduce work time in the market sector, increase the size of the shadow economy, shift the industry mix of market activity, and twist labor demand in a way that amplifies negative effects on market work time and concentrates the effects on the less skilled. In OLS regressions on rich-country samples in the mid 1990s, a unit standard deviation tax rate difference of 12.8 percentage points is associated with 122 fewer market work hours per adult per year, a 4.9 percentage point reduction in the employment-population ratio and an increase in the size of the shadow economy amounting to 3.8 percent of GDP. A unit standard deviation tax difference also involves 10 to 30 percent lower employment and value added shares in (a) retail trade and repairs, (b) eating, drinking and lodging and (c) a broader industry group that also includes wholesale trade and motor trade and services, confirming a key prediction of the theory. We describe conditions under which these OLS results yield unbiased estimates of the total response to observed tax rate differences, inclusive of indirect effects that work through government spending responses to available tax revenues.

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Tax Effects on Work Activity, Industry Mix and Shadow Economy Size: Evidence from Rich-Country Comparisons

What is th public sector? What is the most appropriate - time-series or cross-section analysis? choosing among potential explanations a broad overview of the development of government spending from 1800 to 1987 the purpose and outline of this volume. Part 1 Studies of the very long run: Wagner's Law - wagner's writings, how can the Law be tested? results of previous tests, the econometric methodology, empirical analysis the peacock and the Wiseman displacement effect - the displacement hypothesis, a review of previous empirical tests, a critical assessment of the empirical tests, the empirical test, a test of an alternative explanation. Part 2 Explaining the postwar growth: what are the facts to be explained? is the public sector demand-determined? - the demand model, results, the growth of the public consumption and the productivity disparity hypothesis introducing the supply side: Baumol's disease - the model, data considerations, results potential explanations for the growth of government - demand-side explanations, supply-side explanations model and estimation method - the demand side, the supply side, the integrated model, estimation method, procedure applied to eliminate independant variables regression results - results for GDP-related measures of government, for elasticity estimates of government growth, a comparison of the results for government consumption and transfers, of the results for the relative and absolute measures of government.

An economic analysis of Swedish government expenditure

Publisher Summary Government growth in Sweden during the postwar period has been by far the most rapid in the industrialized world. This is true for exhaustive expenditures whereas transfers have increased equally fast in a few other countries, notably Denmark and the Netherlands. This chapter explains the rapid expansion of government expenditure in Sweden since 1950. It describes the empirical picture. The main observation is that although the growth rate of total government expenditures has been fairly constant for most of the studied period, the growth pattern of the underlying expenditure components are widely dissimilar. This fact points to the need for separate explanations of expenditures for consumption, transfers, and investment. The chapter presents an empirically testable model of the growth of government that has been developed where the parameter estimates can be interpreted as elasticities. The model consists of both a demand and a supply side. To integrate demand and supply in a coherent framework, a disequilibrium setting is chosen. One salient characteristic of public output is that it is not sold on a market where prices adjust to equate supply and demand. Rather, the observed quantities are likely to be either on the demand or the supply curve. Econometrically, this problem is solved by applying a disequilibrium Maximum-likelihood method developed by Maddala and Nelson. The chapter describes this method. The identification of potential explanatory variables acting on the demand or the supply side, respectively, is done through an extensive reading of the government growth literature. The chapter discusses the way by which the variables are chosen and whether they should be applied to the demand or the supply side. It presents the estimation results for each component of government expenditures and the comparison of the different results, and highlights the main points. It also presents a summary of the study and some tentative conclusions.

Magnus Henrekson

Papers

Entrepreneurship and Public Policy

Institutional Reform for Innovation and Entrepreneurship: An Agenda for Europe

Tax Effects on Work Activity, Industry Mix and Shadow Economy Size: Evidence from Rich-Country Comparisons

An economic analysis of Swedish government expenditure

Swedish Government Growth: A Disequilibrium Analysis