The improvement in performance has been observed by changing the injector nozzle's geometry of the dual-fuel liquid–gas engine The combined effect of injector parameters and producer gas (PG) derived from the redgram stalk on the performance and emission characteristics of a dual-fuel diesel/Honge Oil Methyl Ester (HOME)-PG operated CI engine has been studied The injector nozzles with 4, 5, and 6 holes (diameter of 02, 025, and 03 mm) were analyzed Diesel-PG operation with 4 holes, 025 mm diameter nozzle and HOME-PG operation with 6 holes, 025 mm diameter nozzle resulted in better performance and lower emissions Diesel-PG operation has 45% higher BTE (brake thermal efficiency) with a 4 hole nozzle and 07% higher for a 025 mm diameter 6 holes nozzle than HOME-PG operation The HOME-PG operation results showed that the with an injection opening pressure of 240 bar, 6-hole nozzle, and a diameter of 025 mm have an improved BTE of 58% with emission levels 15–30% lower than those of other geometries

Effect of injection parameters and producer gas derived from redgram stalk on the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine

Effect of alcoholic and nano-particles additives on tribological properties of diesel–palm–sesame–biodiesel blends

Clean and renewable energy is developing to realize the sustainable utilization of energy and the harmonious development of the economy and society. Microgrids are a key technique for applying clean and renewable energy. The operation optimization of microgrids has become an important research field. This paper reviews the developments in the operation optimization of microgrids. We first summarize the system structure and provide a typical system structure, which includes an energy generation system, an energy distribution system, an energy storage system and energy end users. Then, we summarize the optimization framework for microgrid operation, which contains the optimization objective, decision variables and constraints. Next, we systematically review the optimization algorithms for microgrid operations, of which genetic algorithms and simulated annealing algorithms are the most commonly used. Lastly, a literature bibliometric analysis is provided; the results show that the operation optimization of microgrids has received increasing attention in recent years, and developing countries have shown more interest in this field than developed countries have. Finally, we highlight future research challenges for the optimization of the operation of microgrids.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/10/2842/pdf

A Review of Optimization of Microgrid Operation

Various nanofluids (NFs) have been prepared using nanoparticles (NPs) for dual fuel engine application in this present work. In the initial segment of the work, the NF’s are prepared using aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3). Further, nanoparticles were blended with diary scum oil methyl ester (DiSOME) in the mass fraction of 10–30 ppm in steps of 10, with the assistance of a mechanically operated conventional homogenizer and an ultrasonicator. In the next segment of the work, Al2O3 NP’s effect on the characteristics of ignition and engine outgas levels of a single cylinder four strokes direct injection diesel engine functioning on dual fuel mode using DiSOME and producer gas (PG) has been investigated. Engine testing showed that experiments with Al2O3 based NF and PG operation resulted in 11.5% amplified brake thermal efficiency, 23.2% reduction in smoke, 18.2–21.4% reduction in hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, while more significant nitric oxide (NOx) levels by 32.6% were achieved than the same fuel combination excluded NP’s at 80% load.

Utilization of biodiesel/Al2O3 nanoparticles for combustion behavior enhancement of a diesel engine operated on dual fuel mode

In this study, engine performance on thermal factors for different biodiesels has been studied and compared with diesel fuel. Biodiesels were produced from Pongamia pinnata (PP), Calophyllum inophyllum (CI), waste cooking oil (WCO), and acid oil. Depending on their free fatty acid content, they were subjected to the transesterification process to produce biodiesel. The main characterizations of density, calorific range, cloud, pour, flash and fire point followed by the viscosity of obtained biodiesels were conducted and compared with mineral diesel. The characterization results presented benefits near to standard diesel fuel. Then the proposed diesel engine was analyzed using four blends of higher concentrations of B50, B65, B80, and B100 to better substitute fuel for mineral diesel. For each blend, different biodiesels were compared, and the relative best performance of the biodiesel is concluded. This diesel engine was tested in terms of BSFC (brake-specific fuel consumption), BTE (brake thermal efficiency), and EGT (exhaust gas temperature) calculated with the obtained results. The B50 blend of acid oil provided the highest BTE compared to other biodiesels at all loads while B50 blend of WCO provided the lowest BSFC compared to other biodiesels, and B50 blends of all biodiesels provided a minimum % of the increase in EGT compared to diesel.

Thermal Performance of Compression Ignition Engine Using High Content Biodiesels: A Comparative Study with Diesel Fuel

The present work is mapped to scrutinize the consequence of biodiesel and gaseous fuel properties, and their impact on compression-ignition (CI) engine combustion and emission characteristics in single and dual fuel operation. Biodiesel prepared from non-edible oil source derived from Thevetia peruviana belonging to the plant family of Apocynaceaeis. The fuel has been referred as methyl ester of Thevetia peruviana (METP) and adopted as pilot fuel for the effective combustion of compressed gaseous fuel of hydrogen. This investigation is an effort to augment the engine performance of a biodiesel-gaseous fueled diesel engine operated under varied engine parameters. Subsequently, consequences of gas flow rate, injection timing, gas entry type, and manifold gas injection on the modified dual-fuel engine using conventional mechanical fuel injections (CMFIS) for optimum engine performance were investigated. Fuel consumption, CO, UHC, and smoke formations are spotted to be less besides higher NOx emissions compared to CMFIS operation. The fuel burning features such as ignition delay, burning interval, and variation of pressure and heat release rates with crank angle are scrutinized and compared with base fuel. Sustained research in this direction can convey practical engine technology, concerning fuel combinations in the dual fuel mode, paving the way to alternatives which counter the continued fossil fuel utilization that has detrimental impacts on the climate.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/21/5663/pdf

Hydrogen Injection in a Dual Fuel Engine Fueled with Low-Pressure Injection of Methyl Ester of Thevetia Peruviana (METP) for Diesel Engine Maintenance Application

Mahantesh Marikatti

Papers

Hydrogen Injection in a Dual Fuel Engine Fueled with Low-Pressure Injection of Methyl Ester of Thevetia Peruviana (METP) for Diesel Engine Maintenance Application