The improvement in performance has been observed by changing the injector nozzle's geometry of the dual-fuel liquid–gas engine The combined effect of injector parameters and producer gas (PG) derived from the redgram stalk on the performance and emission characteristics of a dual-fuel diesel/Honge Oil Methyl Ester (HOME)-PG operated CI engine has been studied The injector nozzles with 4, 5, and 6 holes (diameter of 02, 025, and 03 mm) were analyzed Diesel-PG operation with 4 holes, 025 mm diameter nozzle and HOME-PG operation with 6 holes, 025 mm diameter nozzle resulted in better performance and lower emissions Diesel-PG operation has 45% higher BTE (brake thermal efficiency) with a 4 hole nozzle and 07% higher for a 025 mm diameter 6 holes nozzle than HOME-PG operation The HOME-PG operation results showed that the with an injection opening pressure of 240 bar, 6-hole nozzle, and a diameter of 025 mm have an improved BTE of 58% with emission levels 15–30% lower than those of other geometries

Effect of injection parameters and producer gas derived from redgram stalk on the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine

Effect of alcoholic and nano-particles additives on tribological properties of diesel–palm–sesame–biodiesel blends

Clean and renewable energy is developing to realize the sustainable utilization of energy and the harmonious development of the economy and society. Microgrids are a key technique for applying clean and renewable energy. The operation optimization of microgrids has become an important research field. This paper reviews the developments in the operation optimization of microgrids. We first summarize the system structure and provide a typical system structure, which includes an energy generation system, an energy distribution system, an energy storage system and energy end users. Then, we summarize the optimization framework for microgrid operation, which contains the optimization objective, decision variables and constraints. Next, we systematically review the optimization algorithms for microgrid operations, of which genetic algorithms and simulated annealing algorithms are the most commonly used. Lastly, a literature bibliometric analysis is provided; the results show that the operation optimization of microgrids has received increasing attention in recent years, and developing countries have shown more interest in this field than developed countries have. Finally, we highlight future research challenges for the optimization of the operation of microgrids.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/10/2842/pdf

A Review of Optimization of Microgrid Operation

Various nanofluids (NFs) have been prepared using nanoparticles (NPs) for dual fuel engine application in this present work. In the initial segment of the work, the NF’s are prepared using aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3). Further, nanoparticles were blended with diary scum oil methyl ester (DiSOME) in the mass fraction of 10–30 ppm in steps of 10, with the assistance of a mechanically operated conventional homogenizer and an ultrasonicator. In the next segment of the work, Al2O3 NP’s effect on the characteristics of ignition and engine outgas levels of a single cylinder four strokes direct injection diesel engine functioning on dual fuel mode using DiSOME and producer gas (PG) has been investigated. Engine testing showed that experiments with Al2O3 based NF and PG operation resulted in 11.5% amplified brake thermal efficiency, 23.2% reduction in smoke, 18.2–21.4% reduction in hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, while more significant nitric oxide (NOx) levels by 32.6% were achieved than the same fuel combination excluded NP’s at 80% load.

Utilization of biodiesel/Al2O3 nanoparticles for combustion behavior enhancement of a diesel engine operated on dual fuel mode

In this study, engine performance on thermal factors for different biodiesels has been studied and compared with diesel fuel. Biodiesels were produced from Pongamia pinnata (PP), Calophyllum inophyllum (CI), waste cooking oil (WCO), and acid oil. Depending on their free fatty acid content, they were subjected to the transesterification process to produce biodiesel. The main characterizations of density, calorific range, cloud, pour, flash and fire point followed by the viscosity of obtained biodiesels were conducted and compared with mineral diesel. The characterization results presented benefits near to standard diesel fuel. Then the proposed diesel engine was analyzed using four blends of higher concentrations of B50, B65, B80, and B100 to better substitute fuel for mineral diesel. For each blend, different biodiesels were compared, and the relative best performance of the biodiesel is concluded. This diesel engine was tested in terms of BSFC (brake-specific fuel consumption), BTE (brake thermal efficiency), and EGT (exhaust gas temperature) calculated with the obtained results. The B50 blend of acid oil provided the highest BTE compared to other biodiesels at all loads while B50 blend of WCO provided the lowest BSFC compared to other biodiesels, and B50 blends of all biodiesels provided a minimum % of the increase in EGT compared to diesel.

Thermal Performance of Compression Ignition Engine Using High Content Biodiesels: A Comparative Study with Diesel Fuel

The present work is mapped to scrutinize the consequence of biodiesel and gaseous fuel properties, and their impact on compression-ignition (CI) engine combustion and emission characteristics in single and dual fuel operation. Biodiesel prepared from non-edible oil source derived from Thevetia peruviana belonging to the plant family of Apocynaceaeis. The fuel has been referred as methyl ester of Thevetia peruviana (METP) and adopted as pilot fuel for the effective combustion of compressed gaseous fuel of hydrogen. This investigation is an effort to augment the engine performance of a biodiesel-gaseous fueled diesel engine operated under varied engine parameters. Subsequently, consequences of gas flow rate, injection timing, gas entry type, and manifold gas injection on the modified dual-fuel engine using conventional mechanical fuel injections (CMFIS) for optimum engine performance were investigated. Fuel consumption, CO, UHC, and smoke formations are spotted to be less besides higher NOx emissions compared to CMFIS operation. The fuel burning features such as ignition delay, burning interval, and variation of pressure and heat release rates with crank angle are scrutinized and compared with base fuel. Sustained research in this direction can convey practical engine technology, concerning fuel combinations in the dual fuel mode, paving the way to alternatives which counter the continued fossil fuel utilization that has detrimental impacts on the climate.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/21/5663/pdf

Hydrogen Injection in a Dual Fuel Engine Fueled with Low-Pressure Injection of Methyl Ester of Thevetia Peruviana (METP) for Diesel Engine Maintenance Application

Effect of manifold injection of hydrogen gas in producer gas and neem biodiesel fueled CRDI dual fuel engine

Comparative Study on Effect of Hydrogen and Hydrogen Blended Compressed Natural Gas on Compression Ignition Engine Operated under Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition and Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition Mode of Combustion

Being an energy source of another origin, the compression ignition (CI) engine’s typical design parameters might not suit Simarouba oil methyl ester (SuOME). Present experimental investigation targets are determining the effects of engine design parameters, including fuel injection pressure and nozzle geometry, on the engine, concerning performance and emissions such as carbon monoxide (CO), unburnt hydrocarbon (HC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and smoke opacity, with SuOME as fuel. Comparisons of brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and different emissions from the engine tailpipe were performed for different fuel injection pressures and a number of injector holes and diameter of orifices were opened in the injector to find the optimum combination to run the engine with SuOME. It was observed that the combined effect of an increase in injection pressure of 240 bar from 205 bar, and increasing number of injector holes from three to six with reduced injector hole diameters from 0.2 to 0.3 mm, recorded higher brake thermal efficiency with reduced emission levels for the SuOME mode of operation compared to the baseline standard operation with SuOME. For 240 bar compared to 205 bar of injection pressure (IP) for SuOME, the BTE increased by 2.35% and smoke opacity reduced by 1.45%. For six-hole fuel injectors compared to three-hole injectors, the BTE increased by 3.19%, HC reduced by 9.5%, and CO reduced by 14.7%. At 240 bar IP, with the six-hole injector having a 0.2 mm hole diameter compared to the 0.3 mm hole diameter, the BTE increased by 5%, HC reduced by 5.26%, CO reduced by 25.61%, smoke reduced by 10%, while NOx increased marginally by 0.27%. Hence, the six-hole FI, 240 IP, 0.2 mm FI diameter holes are suitable for diesel engine operation fueled by Simarouba biodiesel.

Effect of Parameters Behavior of Simarouba Methyl Ester Operated Diesel Engine

Recent studies showed that nanofluids are considered as a promising way to enhance the heat transfer properties of coolants. Currently, in a car radiator forced convection heat transfer method is carried out to cool circulating fluid. The mixture of water with either ethylene or propylene-glycol is necessary to lower its freezing point and eliminate ice formation. However, the boiling point of deionized water can be pushed up by mixing it with anti-freezing materials like ethylene glycol (EG). Hence the present research work focuses on the heat transfer characteristics of nano-fluids with different combinations of EG and deionized water (60:40, 30:70, and 20:80) along with graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles (0.1 % wt). The heat transfer potential of graphene oxide/ deionized water-ethylene glycol nanofluids is experimentally investigated in coolant application for car radiators, in which the coolant flow rate is varied from 180 to 420 (LPH) at a fixed coolant temperature of 90 °C. The evaluation of stability is performed using visual inspection and zeta potential test. The density of nanofluid was determined by oscillating U-Tube density meter. The optimized combination of 60% EG, 40% DW and 0.1 wt% GO exhibited higher heat transfer characteristics of the radiator system used. The maximum heat transfer enhancement of 42.77% at 300 LPH, 18.14% at 360 LPH, and 71.1% at 240 LPH for 60:40 EG/DW-based GO nanofluids were obtained. The maximum Nusselt number value of 192 at 420 LPH was observed for 60:40 EG/DW-based GO nanofluid as compared with 20:80, 30:70 EG/DW-based GO nanofluid. It is estimated that by replacing conventional coolant with this nanofluid, reduction in the frontal area of radiator is done which gives more flexibility for industrial design, more eco-friendly vehicle which produces less drag and hence less the fuel cost.

N. R. Banapurmath

Papers

Hydrogen Injection in a Dual Fuel Engine Fueled with Low-Pressure Injection of Methyl Ester of Thevetia Peruviana (METP) for Diesel Engine Maintenance Application

Effect of manifold injection of hydrogen gas in producer gas and neem biodiesel fueled CRDI dual fuel engine

Comparative Study on Effect of Hydrogen and Hydrogen Blended Compressed Natural Gas on Compression Ignition Engine Operated under Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition and Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition Mode of Combustion

Effect of Parameters Behavior of Simarouba Methyl Ester Operated Diesel Engine

An insight into the performance of radiator system using ethylene glycol-water based graphene oxide nanofluids