物件導向軟體之架構(Object-Oriented Software Construction)探討

This ebook is the first authorized digital version of Kernighan and Ritchie's 1988 classic, The C Programming Language (2nd Ed.). One of the best-selling programming books published in the last fifty years, "K&R" has been called everything from the "bible" to "a landmark in computer science" and it has influenced generations of programmers. Available now for all leading ebook platforms, this concise and beautifully written text is a "must-have" reference for every serious programmers digital library.

As modestly described by the authors in the Preface to the First Edition, this "is not an introductory programming manual; it assumes some familiarity with basic programming concepts like variables, assignment statements, loops, and functions. Nonetheless, a novice programmer should be able to read along and pick up the language, although access to a more knowledgeable colleague will help."

The C programming language

The use of metaheuristic search techniques for the automatic generation of test data has been a burgeoning interest for many researchers in recent years. Previous attempts to automate the test generation process have been limited, having been constrained by the size and complexity of software, and the basic fact that in general, test data generation is an undecidable problem. Metaheuristic search techniques oer much promise in regard to these problems. Metaheuristic search techniques are highlevel frameworks, which utilise heuristics to seek solutions for combinatorial problems at a reasonable computational cost. To date, metaheuristic search techniques have been applied to automate test data generation for structural and functional testing; the testing of grey-box properties, for example safety constraints; and also non-functional properties, such as worst-case execution time. This paper surveys some of the work undertaken in this eld, discussing possible new future directions of research for each of its dieren t individual areas.

https://www.inf.utfsm.cl/~mcriff/Tesistas/Testing/sbs-survey.pdf

Search‐based software test data generation: a survey

Explicitly stated program invariants can help programmers by identifying program properties that must be preserved when modifying code. In practice, however, these invariants are usually implicit. An alternative to expecting programmers to fully annotate code with invariants is to automatically infer likely invariants from the program itself. This research focuses on dynamic techniques for discovering invariants from execution traces. This article reports three results. First, it describes techniques for dynamically discovering invariants, along with an implementation, named Daikon, that embodies these techniques. Second, it reports on the application of Daikon to two sets of target programs. In programs from Gries's work (1981) on program derivation, the system rediscovered predefined invariants. In a C program lacking explicit invariants, the system discovered invariants that assisted a software evolution task. These experiments demonstrate that, at least for small programs, invariant inference is both accurate and useful. Third, it analyzes scalability issues, such as invariant detection runtime and accuracy, as functions of test suites and program points instrumented.

/pdf/dynamically-discovering-likely-program-invariants-to-support-2hrrlyjk0k.pdf

Dynamically discovering likely program invariants to support program evolution

Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences

The definitive version can be found at : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ Copyright Wiley [Full text of this article is not available in the UHRA]

In memory of Manny Lehman, ‘Father of Software Evolution’

Software engineering education has traditionally focussed on the development phase of the software life cycle. It is recognised that maintenance is the most expensive phase of the life cycle, yet it receives very little direct attention in the software engineering curriculum. This paper contrasts a development based approach with a maintenance based approach to project work in software engineering education.

Project work in software maintenance education

In recognising that performance modelling is increasingly of interest to professionals who do not have a background in mathematical analysis, it is important to provide additional mechanisms by which such communities may improve their confidence in the models they evaluate accurately reflect the systems they are studying. One such community is traditional software engineering, where visualisation techniques are well established aids to understanding complex software systems. In this paper we seek to apply some basic visualisation techniques from program comprehension to some example performance models expressed in the stochastic process algebra, PEPA. An interesting side line to this work is that it provides an additional mechanism for understanding complex software systems.

Visualisation for model comprehension

Software Configuration Management and software reuse are now generally considered to be important technologies in software engineering Both have been proposed for making a significant improvement in productivity and quality However, these two technologies have been investigated separately In order to make Software Configuration Management and reuse more effective, both approaches require to be introduced into a development or maintenance environment together The authors have developed a process model for Maintenance with Reuse (MwR) to support Software Configuration Management for a reuse library within a maintenance environment As software reuse and Software Configuration Management as well as software reuse and software maintenance have many similarities in their activities, and these areas can therefore be integrated within a software maintenance environment An integrated approach to the common areas of these different activities will greatly contribute to the productivity and quality of software This paper will address an integrated approach that can overcome some of the barriers that exist in software maintenance and reuse A process model of an integrated approach has been created and validated using Process Weaver In order for the reuse library to allow accesses from many potential reusers, the process model has been implemented on the WWW The paper describes an integrated process model and its prototype to support change and version control for evolution of software components within both a reuse library and a legacy system

Software Configuration Management for a Reusable Software Library within a Software Maintenance Environment

The use of three dimensional software visualisation techniques has the power to transform the way that tacit knowledge gathering and retrieval takes place during many software maintenance activities. The focus of this work is the understanding and management of software from various perspectives and therefore it is the visualisation of these software artefacts that is of greatest interest. This work moves towards providing a generic visualisation that is applicable to the management of many software systems within the bounds of the organisation, with the ability to view various artefacts over time (and thus their evolution) and also to incorporate lower level visualisations in three dimensions.

Malcolm Munro

Papers

In memory of Manny Lehman, ‘Father of Software Evolution’

Project work in software maintenance education

Visualisation for model comprehension

Software Configuration Management for a Reusable Software Library within a Software Maintenance Environment

Organisational trails through software systems