(2002). Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement without Giving in. Quality Management Journal: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 73-74.

Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement without Giving in

Therefore, the seeker after the truth is not one who studies the writings of the ancients and, following his natural disposition, puts his trust in them, but rather the one who suspects his faith in them and questions what he gathers from them, the one who submits to argument and demonstration, and not to the sayings of a human being whose nature is fraught with all kinds of imperfection and de‹ciency. Thus the duty of the man who investigates the writings of scientists, if learning the truth is his goal, is to make himself the enemy of all that he reads, and, applying his mind to the core and margins of its content, attack it from every side. He should also suspect himself as he performs his critical examination of it, so that he may avoid falling into either prejudice or leniency. (Ibn al-Haytham)1

국제정치이론 = Theory of international politics

The present historical moment may seem a particularly inopportune time to review Bowling Alone, Robert Putnam’s latest exploration of civic decline in America. After all, the outpouring of volunteerism, solidarity, patriotism, and self-sacrifice displayed by Americans in the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks appears to fly in the face of Putnam’s central argument: that “ social capital” —defined as “ social networks and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness that arise from them” (p. 19) — has declined to dangerously low levels in America over the last three decades. However, Putnam is not fazed in the least by the recent effusion of solidarity. Quite the contrary, he sees in it the potential to “ reverse what has been a 30to 40-year steady decline in most measures of connectedness or community.” As an example of how the current “ war on terrorism” could generate a durable civic renewal, Putnam points to the burst in civic practices that occurred during and after World War II, which he says “ permanently marked” the generation that lived through it and had a “ terrific effect on American public life over the last half-century.” 3 If Americans can follow this example and channel their current civic

Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community

Emotions play an increasingly important role in international relations research. This essay briefly surveys the development of the respective debates and then offers a path forward. The key challenge, we argue, is to theorize the processes through which individual emotions become collective and political. We further suggest that this is done best by exploring insights from two seemingly incompatible scholarly tendencies: macro theoretical approaches that develop generalizable propositions about political emotions and, in contrast, micro approaches that investigate how specific emotions function in specific circumstances. Applying this framework we then identify four realms that are central to appreciating the political significance of emotions: (1) the importance of definitions; (2) the role of the body; (3) questions of representation; and (4) the intertwining of emotions and power. Taken together, these building blocks reveal how emotions permeate world politics in complex and interwoven ways and also, once taken seriously, challenge many entrenched assumptions of international relations scholarship.

Theorizing emotions in world politics

Summary.  Experimentation is a powerful methodology that enables scientists to establish causal claims empirically. However, one important criticism is that experiments merely provide a black box view of causality and fail to identify causal mechanisms. Specifically, critics argue that, although experiments can identify average causal effects, they cannot explain the process through which such effects come about. If true, this represents a serious limitation of experimentation, especially for social and medical science research that strives to identify causal mechanisms. We consider several experimental designs that help to identify average natural indirect effects. Some of these designs require the perfect manipulation of an intermediate variable, whereas others can be used even when only imperfect manipulation is possible. We use recent social science experiments to illustrate the key ideas that underlie each of the designs proposed.

Experimental designs for identifying casual mechanisms

Face-to-face diplomacy has long been the lynchpin of international politics, yet it has largely been dismissed as irrelevant in theories of cooperation and conflict�as �cheap talk� because leaders have incentives to dissemble. However, diplomats and leaders have argued for years that there is often no substitute for personally meeting a counterpart to hash out an agreement. This article argues that face-to-face diplomacy provides a signaling mechanism that increases the likelihood of cooperation. Face-to-face meetings allow individuals to transmit information and empathize with each other, thereby reducing uncertainty, even when they have strong incentives to distrust the other. The human brain has discrete architecture and processes devoted to parsing others' intentions via cues in face-to-face interaction. These processes enable actors to directly access the intentions of others with a higher degree of certainty than economic and game-theoretic models of bargaining predict.

The Force of Face-to-Face Diplomacy: Mirror Neurons and the Problem of Intentions.

INTRODUCTION: Making Sense of Digital Diplomacy. Corneliu Bjola I:DIGITAL DIPLOMACY: THE POLICY DIMENSION 1. Digital Diplomacy and International Change Management. Marcus Holmes 2. Digital Diplomacy: Between Promises and Reality. Sabrina Sotiriu 3.'Secrecy is for Losers': Why Diplomats Should Embrace Openness to Protect National Security. Alexis Wichowski 4. Social Media and Public Diplomacy: A Comparative Analysis of the digital diplomatic strategies of the EU, U.S. and Japan in China. Corneliu Bjola & Lu Jiang. 5. America's Selfie: How the U.S. portrays itself on its digital diplomacy channels. Elad Segev and Ilan Manor II: DIGITAL DIPLOMACY: THE INSTITUTIONAL DIMENSION 6. Business as Usual? An Evaluation of British and Canadian Digital Diplomacy as Institutional Adaptation, Amanda Clarke 7. Evolution not revolution: The 'digital divide' in the American and Australian contexts. Stuart Murray 8. The International Criminal Court: Using Technology in Network Diplomacy. Karen Corrie 9. When Doing Becomes the Message: The Case of Swedish Digital Diplomacy. Jon Pelling 10. The Power of Diplomacy: New Meanings, and the Methods for Understanding Digital Diplomacy. JP Singh CONCLUSION: The Future of Digital Diplomacy. Marcus Holmes Glossary of Terms Bibliography

Digital Diplomacy: Theory and Practice

Face-to-face diplomacy has long been the lynchpin of world politics, yet it is largely dismissed by scholars of International Relations as unimportant. Marcus Holmes argues that dismissing this type of diplomacy is in stark contrast to what leaders and policy makers deem as essential and that this view is rooted in a particular set of assumptions that see an individual's intentions as fundamentally inaccessible. Building on recent evidence from social neuroscience and psychology, Holmes argues that this assumption is problematic. Marcus Holmes studies some of the most important moments of diplomacy in the twentieth century, from 'Munich' to the end of the Cold War, and by showing how face-to-face interactions allowed leaders to either reassure each other of benign defensive intentions or pick up on offensive intentions, his book challenges the notion that intentions are fundamentally unknowable in international politics, a central idea in IR theory.

Face-to-Face Diplomacy: Social Neuroscience and International Relations

Why do some peace summits succeed while others fail? We offer an explanation that highlights the importance of empathy between leaders. Studies in negotiations and psychology show that empathy—the ability to take the perspective of others and understand their cognitive and affective states without necessarily sympathizing with them—is critical in overcoming biases, transcending long-held enmities, and increasing the likelihood of cooperation. We show that empathy is perceptual in nature. Actors can convey it through both words and expressive behaviors in face-to-face interactions. From these, leaders gain an understanding of whether the other side is willing to negotiate in good faith and what a potential agreement might look like. Additionally, we argue that all is not lost if the leaders of warring states prove unable to cultivate these beliefs about each other. A skilled mediator can step in and build relational empathy between disputants. We assess the empirical ramifications of conveyed and relational empathy by comparing two of the most salient Middle East peace process summits with divergent outcomes: success at Camp David 1978 and failure in 2000.

The Psychological Logic of Peace Summits: How Empathy Shapes Outcomes of Diplomatic Negotiations

It is widely recognized among state leaders and diplomats that personal relations play an important role in international politics. Recent work at the intersection of psychology, neuroscience, and sociology has highlighted the critical importance of face-to-face interactions in generating intention understanding and building trust. Yet, a key question remains as to why some leaders are able to ‘hit it off,’ generating a positive social bond, while other interactions ‘fall flat,’ or worse, are mired in negativity. To answer, we turn to micro-sociology – the study of everyday human interactions at the smallest scales – an approach that has theorized this question in other domains. Drawing directly from US sociologist Randall Collins, and related empirical studies on the determinants of social bonding, we develop a model of diplomatic social bonding that privileges interaction elements rather than the dispositional characteristics of the actors involved or the material environment in which the interaction takes place. We conclude with a discussion of how the study of interpersonal dyadic bonding interaction may move forward.

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Marcus Holmes

Papers

The Force of Face-to-Face Diplomacy: Mirror Neurons and the Problem of Intentions.

Digital Diplomacy: Theory and Practice

Face-to-Face Diplomacy: Social Neuroscience and International Relations

The Psychological Logic of Peace Summits: How Empathy Shapes Outcomes of Diplomatic Negotiations

Social bonding in diplomacy