An Introduction to Codes and Coding Chapter Summary Purposes of the Manual What Is a Code? Codifying and Categorizing What Gets Coded? The Mechanics of Coding The Numbers of Codes Manual and CAQDAS Coding Solo and Team Coding Necessary Personal Attributes for Coding On Method Writing Analytic Memos Chapter Summary The Purposes of Analytic Memo-Writing What Is an Analytic Memo? Examples of Analytic Memos Coding and Categorizing Analytic Memos Grounded Theory and Its Coding Canon Analytic Memos on Visual Data First-Cycle Coding Methods Chapter Summary The Coding Cycles Selecting the Appropriate Coding Method(s) Overview of First-Cycle Coding Methods The Coding Methods Profiles Grammatical Methods Elemental Methods Affective Methods Literary and Language Methods Exploratory Methods Forms for Additional First-Cycle Coding Methods Theming the Data Procedural Methods After First-Cycle Coding Chapter Summary Post-Coding Transitions Eclectic Coding Code Mapping and Landscaping Operational Model Diagramming Additional Transition Methods Transitioning to Second-Cycle Coding Methods Second-Cycle Coding Methods Chapter Summary The Goals of Second-Cycle Methods Overview of Second-Cycle Coding Methods Second-Cycle Coding Methods Forms for Additional Second-Cycle Coding Methods After Second-Cycle Coding Chapter Summary Post-Coding and Pre-Writing Transitions Focusing Strategies From Coding to Theorizing Formatting Matters Writing about Coding Ordering and Re-Ordering Assistance from Others Closure Appendix A: A Glossary of Coding Methods Appendix B: A Glossary of Analytic Recommendations Appendix C: Field Note, Interview Transcript and Document Samples for Coding Appendix D: Exercises and Activities for Coding and Qualitative Data Analytic Skill Development References Index

The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers

The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions is the official document that describes in detail the process of preparing and maintaining Cochrane systematic reviews on the effects of healthcare interventions.

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Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions

자연주의적 탐구조사(Naturalistic Inquiry)

http://www.bwgriffin.com/gsu/courses/edur7130/content/Qualitative_content_analysis_Graneheim_Lundman_2003.pdf

Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness

Aim This paper is a description of inductive and deductive content analysis. Background Content analysis is a method that may be used with either qualitative or quantitative data and in an inductive or deductive way. Qualitative content analysis is commonly used in nursing studies but little has been published on the analysis process and many research books generally only provide a short description of this method. Discussion When using content analysis, the aim was to build a model to describe the phenomenon in a conceptual form. Both inductive and deductive analysis processes are represented as three main phases: preparation, organizing and reporting. The preparation phase is similar in both approaches. The concepts are derived from the data in inductive content analysis. Deductive content analysis is used when the structure of analysis is operationalized on the basis of previous knowledge. Conclusion Inductive content analysis is used in cases where there are no previous studies dealing with the phenomenon or when it is fragmented. A deductive approach is useful if the general aim was to test a previous theory in a different situation or to compare categories at different time periods.

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The qualitative content analysis process

Qualitative methods are typically and formally used only in the earliest phases of instrument development to generate items. Once these items are generated, instrument development usually then moves into the testing phases, where quantitative methods prevail. The achievement of psychometric credibility is presumed to depend largely on quantitative measures of reliability and validity. Or if qualitative methods are employed, their use is masked, unfocused, and/or unplanned. The planned use of qualitative methods is critical in every phase of instrument use and in all studies that depend for their results on instruments, and their use is critical in illuminating problems with existing instruments. The authors illustrate these points by drawing on the first author’s experiences in the field with the Beck Depression Inventory in her research program on managing fatigue in persons with HIV/AIDS.

In the Field with the Beck Depression Inventory

Synthesis of family research presents unique challenges to investigators who must delimit what will be included as a family study in the proposed review. In this paper, the authors discuss the conceptual and pragmatic challenges of conducting systematic reviews of the literature on the intersection between family life and childhood chronic conditions. A proposed framework for delimiting the family domain of interest is presented. The framework addresses both topical salience and level of relevance and provides direction to future researchers, with the goal of supporting the overall quality of family research synthesis efforts. For users of synthesis studies, knowledge of how investigators conceptualize the boundaries of family research is important contextual information for understanding the limits and applicability of the results.

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Delimiting family in syntheses of research on childhood chronic conditions and family life.

Purpose: To analyze how research is reported in journal publications as a potential barrier to use of research findings in practice.

Design: Content analysis of 46 reports of diabetes self-management interventions published between 1993 and 2004.

Methods: Data were extracted from the publications using a coding scheme based on concepts from Rogers' theory of the diffusion of innovations.

Findings: Authors provided only some of the information potential users need to progress through Roger's stages of adopting an intervention and implementing it in practice. Authors provided only limited information on the target population; frequency, number, and duration of patient contacts; expertise and training required to deliver the intervention; intervention protocol; and the process of adapting and implementing interventions in practice settings.

Conclusions: To close the gap between research and practice, authors should offer more information to help readers decide whether and how to adopt and implement interventions.

An evaluation of how well research reports facilitate the use of findings in practice.

Although infertility has been described as an experience with long-term implications for the well-being of couples affected by it, few studies have examined any part of the aftermath of infertility. This article describes the ways in which infertility shapes the pregnancy course in couples who have struggled to conceive. The findings are drawn from 162 interviews conducted with 60 couples (41 infertile and a comparison group of 19 fertile) expecting a child, who were participants in a longitudinal field study involving both childbearing and adopting couples. During the course of the study, 63 pregnancies were observed. The core variable distinguishing the infertile from the fertile couples' pregnancies was relinquishing infertility. Beyond this variable, infertility emerged as important, but only one of a number of factors altering the experience of contemporary childbearing.

Margarete Sandelowski

Papers

In the Field with the Beck Depression Inventory

Delimiting family in syntheses of research on childhood chronic conditions and family life.

An evaluation of how well research reports facilitate the use of findings in practice.

Relinquishing Infertility: The Work of Pregnancy for Infertile Couples:

Variations in meanings of the personal core value “Health”