In the present paper a research has been done on the essay ‘Can the Subaltern Speak’ by’ Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak’. It has been explained into much simpler language about what the author conveys for better understanding and further references. Also the criticism has been done by various critiques from various sources which is helpful from examination point of view. The paper has been divided into various contexts with an introduction and the conclusions. Also the references has been written that depicts the sources of criticism.

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Can the Subaltern Speak

Frantz Fanon’s explosive Black Skin, White Masks is a merciless expose of the psychological damage done by colonial rule across the world. Using Fanon’s incisive analytical abilities to expose the consequences of colonialism on the psyches of colonized peoples, it is both a crucial text in post-colonial theory, and a lesson in the power of analytical skills to reveal the realities that hide beneath the surface of things.  
Fanon was himself part of a colonized nation – Martinique – and grew up with the values and beliefs of French culture imposed upon him, while remaining relegated to an inferior status in society. Qualifying as a psychiatrist in France before working in Algeria (a French colony subject to brutal repression), his own experiences granted him a sharp insight into the psychological problems associated with colonial rule.  
Like any good analytical thinker, Fanon’s particular skill was in breaking things down and joining dots. His analysis of colonial rule exposed its implicit assumptions – and how they were replicated in colonised populations – allowing Fanon to unpick the hidden reasons behind his own conflicted psychological make up, and those of his patients. Unflinchingly clear-sighted in doing so, Black Skin White Masks remains a shocking read today.

An Analysis of Frantz Fanon's Black Skin, White Masks

Against our will: Men, women, and rape

Preface (1999) Preface (1990) 1. Subjects of Sex/Gender/Desire I. 'Women' as the Subject of Feminism II. The Compulsory Order of Sex/Gender/Desire III. Gender: The Circular Ruins of Contemporary Debate IV. Theorizing the Binary, the Unitary and Beyond V. Identity, Sex and the Metaphysics of Substance VI. Language, Power and the Strategies of Displacement 2. Prohibition, Psychoanalysis, and the Production of the Heterosexual Matrix I. Structuralism's Critical Exchange II. Lacan, Riviere, and the Strategies of Masquerade III. Freud and the Melancholia of Gender IV. Gender Complexity and the Limits of Identification V. Reformulating Prohibition as Power 3. Subversive Bodily Acts I. The Body Politics of Julia Kristeva II. Foucault, Herculine, and the Politics of Sexual Discontinuity III. Monique Wittig - Bodily Disintegration and Fictive Sex IV. Bodily Inscriptions, Performative Subversions Conclusion - From Parody to Politics

Postmodern Subjects, Postmodern BodiesThinking Fragments: Psychoanalysis, Feminism, and Postmodernism in the Contemporary WestYearning: Race, Gender, and Cultural PoliticsGender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity

The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psycho-Analysis

In contrast to most studies addressing security sector reform (SSR) in Africa, this article queries defence reform efforts in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) from a governmentality perspective and hones in on processes of subjectification and modes of agency among members of the Armed Forces of the DRC (FARDC). Based on extensive field research in the DRC, it explores how army staff produce themselves through (and outside of) the ways in which they are ‘hailed’ into subject positions in donors’ efforts to govern. In asking how FARDC staff respond, position, and produce themselves in relation to external reform efforts and the attending governing technologies and techniques, the article contributes to the increasing – yet limited – scholarly attention to those being ‘reformed’ through SSR efforts. Ultimately, attending to the specificities of how processes of subjectification are experienced from the perspective of those who are to be reformed problematizes the simplified notions of lack...

Being reformed: Subjectification and security sector reform in the Congolese armed forces

Based on extensive field research in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DR Congo), this article elucidates the logics, processes and readings surrounding certain ‘extra-military’ practices enact ...

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Arbiters with guns: the ambiguity of military involvement in civilian disputes in the DR Congo

As a policy field largely characterised by handbooks and manuals, gender and Security Sector Reform (SSR) has been insufficiently studied and analysed. Analytical discussion of what gendering SSRmeans is quite rare, as is the study of the already gendered nature of the security institutions that are the subject of intervention. This policy dialogue unpacks aspects of the discourses and practices regarding gender and SSR. It highlights limitations and problems both in the conceptualisation of gender and its incorporation into practical SSR work. The publication also demonstrates how researchers and policymakers often have divergent views of what gendering SSR means. Finally, it calls for closer and more constructive dialogue between researchers and practitioners, a dialogue which acknowledges the conditions and constraints in these two spheres of work.

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Beyond ”Gender and Stir” : Reflections on gender and SSR in the aftermath of African conflicts

The global attention focused on sexual violence in the DRC has not only contributed to an image of the Congolese army as a vestige of pre-modern barbarism, populated by rapists, and bearing no resemblance to the world of modern armies; it has also shaped gender and defence reform initiatives. These initiatives have become synonymous with combating sexual violence, reflecting an assumption that the gendered dynamics of the army are already known. Crucial questions such as the ‘feminization’ of the armed forces are consequently neglected. Based on in-depth interviews with soldiers in the Congolese armed forces, this article analyses the discursive strategies male soldiers employ in relation to the feminization of the army. In the light of the need to reform the military and military masculinities, the article discusses how globalized discourses and practices render the Congolese military a highly globalized sphere. It also highlights the particular and local ways in which military identities are produced through gender, and concludes that a simple inclusion of women in the armed forces in order to render men less violent might not have the pacifying effect intended.

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Whores, men, and other misfits: undoing ‘feminization’ in the armed forces in the drc

Eriksson Baaz, Maria, 2002, The White Wo/Man’ Burden in the Age of Partnership: A Postcolonial Reading of Identities in Development Aid. Department of Peace and Development Research, Göteborg University, Box 700, SE 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden. 234 pages. Written in English. ISBN: 91-87380-53-6 Based on a study of two Scandinavian development NGOs in Tanzania, this thesis analyzes the construction of ‘donor’ and expatriate development worker identities and how these are manifested in development aid practice. While the thesis explores the articulation of ‘donor’ and expatriate development worker identities in a more general way, the identities are analyzed in relation to the policy of ‘partnership’ in particular: How are ‘donor’ identities manifested in the practices of development aid? How do they relate to the calls for partnership in which paternalism has no place, where ‘partners progressively take the lead’ and where communication is open and transparent? This thesis is based on interviews conducted in Tanzania in 1998 and 1999 and on an analysis of policy documents and other texts. Starting from the assumption that identities are constituted within discourse, this study situates and analyzes processes of identification within two contexts. First, it situates ‘donor’ identities within a postcolonial context and analyzes how these identities are informed by more general discourses constituted by colonial history. Second, it situates processes of identification within the development aid context itself. In particular, it analyzes processes of identification in relation to the economic inequalities which characterize this context. This thesis demonstrates the conflicts and tensions characterizing identification in the development aid context. It shows that identities reflect the partnership discourse itself which disavows paternalism. They reflect the influence of a longstanding critique of the eurocentrism of development, today most often articulated in ‘post-development’ texts. At the same time, the identities analyzed in this study also reflect the workings of quite different discourses which inform images of a superior, active, reliable ‘donor’ Self in opposition to an inferior, passive, unreliable ‘partner’, identities which in different ways contradict the policy of partnership.

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Maria Eriksson Baaz

Papers

Being reformed: Subjectification and security sector reform in the Congolese armed forces

Arbiters with guns: the ambiguity of military involvement in civilian disputes in the DR Congo

Beyond ”Gender and Stir” : Reflections on gender and SSR in the aftermath of African conflicts

Whores, men, and other misfits: undoing ‘feminization’ in the armed forces in the drc

The white wo/man's burden in the age of partnership : A postcolonial reading of identity in development aid