We may not be able to make you love reading, but archaeology of knowledge will lead you to love reading starting from now. Book is the window to open the new world. The world that you want is in the better stage and level. World will always guide you to even the prestige stage of the life. You know, this is some of how reading will give you the kindness. In this case, more books you read more knowledge you know, but it can mean also the bore is full.

The archaeology of knowledge

The Challenge to Care in Schools: An Alternative Approach to Education Nel Noddings. New York: Teachers College Press, 2005. 193 pages. ISBN: 0-8077-4609-6Reviewed by Karen A. Heid and Zach KelehearUniversity of South CarolinaMath instruction and learning matter. Science instruction and learning matter. And, to show how much they matter, federal and state policy makers (if we use NCLB mandates as evidence) emphasize that teachers should spend copious amounts of time, energy and money preparing students for standardized assessments of those content areas. One might conclude, in fact, that the more often something is assessed, then the more important it must be.In keeping with this line of thinking, other curriculum offerings that are of value should act and look more like math and science. This tension is also an argument not unfamiliar to some scholats who must negotiate the perceived value between arts-based research and qualitative studies versus quantitative analysis. NeI Noddings, in this recasting of her earlier 1992 work, asserts that what matters most is not a debate characterized as either- or m terms of what part of the curriculum is most important or how often it should be assessed. Rather, she frames the debate about what matters most in today's schools as a measure of how students and teachers can create a context for cultivating care. Whether die pedagogical practice or curricular assumptions be progressive or traditional, whether die subject be mathematics or art, Noddings notes that the essential conversation should be one focusing on ways in which we might help students be reflective, curious, and caring in all school subjects, with all people, and with our environment. It is this notion of what we call the "cult of care" that guides her analysis and discussion in this 2005 edition The Challenge to Care in SchooL·: An Alternative Approach to Education.In this review, we consider three aspects of Noddings' work, with particular attention to their applications to art education. First, we discuss her guiding principles and assumptions regarding the notion of care. Secondly, we reflect on her assertions regarding assessment and the focus on disciplines as related to discipline-based art education (DBAE). Lastly, we detail her view of care as the binding thread for all curricula in a global and democratic society.Noddings establishes throughout her book that care is the sine qua non for authentic learning. And by authentic (our word), she is considering learning where students are collaborators in both the selection of subject and the development of understanding. But for Noddings, care is not a matter of looking after someone or sympathizing with another ... or worse, pitying another. Noddings explains: "An ethic of care embodies a relational view of caring; that is, when I speak of caring, my emphasis is on the relation containing carer and cared-for" (p. xv). It is this bidirectional nature of caring that moves Noddings assertions away from care as solely one person's responsibility.In many ways, Noddings' notion of care requires a major shift in the nature of power and responsibility in school cultures. Can care be something that a teacher brings to a child? Certainly there are many giving teachers who care for their students. Many of us have heard good people, who happen also to be teachers, speak of their love for their young charges. But for Noddings, this notion of giving care is only half of the necessary equation. In order to balance the equation, care must also be reciprocated, and it is the responsibility of the teacher, in large part, to cultivate an environment that supports such an egalitarian context. In order for such an equitable process to emerge, one that certainly reflects notions of a democratic society, teachers must relinquish some of the power and control that many jealously protect in today's classrooms.Reciprocal, egalitarian, openness, honesty, fairness, collaboration, reflection-these and other characteristics are the descriptors of Noddings' school built on care. …

The Challenge to Care in Schools: An Alternative Approach to Education

This article considers the question of what specific actions a teacher might take to create a culture of inquiry in a secondary school mathematics classroom. Sociocultural theories of learning provide the framework for examining teaching and learning practices in a single classroom over a two-year period. The notion of the zone of proximal development (ZPD) is invoked as a fundamental framework for explaining learning as increasing participation in a community of practice characterized by mathematical inquiry. The analysis draws on classroom observation and interviews with students and the teacher to show how the teacher established norms and practices that emphasized mathematical sense-making and justification of ideas and arguments and to illustrate the learning practices that students developed in response to these expectations.

Learning mathematics in a classroom community of inquiry: examples from a secondary mathematics classroom

Listening to Patients: A Phenomenological Approach to Nursing Research and Practice

Many contemporary researchers claim to use a phenomenological approach but seldom connect their methods to tenets from phenomenological philosophy. We describe a distinctive approach, grounded in the writings of French philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty, for conducting educational research. Procedures are outlined for bracketing pre-understandings of a phenomenon, interviewing, and thematizing data with assistance of an interdisciplinary interpretive group. Using our approach, researchers capture the figural aspects of a phenomenon that dominate perception as well as the contextual background that is less visible but integral to understanding it. This phenomenological approach offers educational researchers a radical empiricism, a flexible structure, and a dialogical community of support.

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Hearing the Voices of Students and Teachers: A Phenomenological Approach to Educational Research

Teacher-student Relationships: The Meaning of Teachers' Experience Working with Underachieving Students This paper is based on phenomenological interviews with teachers who worked with underachieving students in South Africa, Russia, and the United States. It focuses on the analysis of meanings that teachers constructed while describing their relationship with underachieving students and how metaphors worked to construct such meanings. The researchers also used Buber's "I-Thou" concept as an interpretive lens to further understand the meanings of teacher-student relationships. The study concludes that the teacher-student relationship is one of the fundamental themes of the teaching experience and is common for teachers from different countries.

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Teacher-student Relationships: The Meaning of Teachers' Experience Working with Underachieving Students

The purpose of this qualitative study was: (a) to explore the cognitive and metacognitive processes of mathematics problem-solving discourse of 10-year-old students in Russia, Spain, Hungary, and the United States; and (b) to explore the patterns of social interactions during small group work. Data were analyzed using a cognitive/metacognitive framework adopted from Artzt and Armour-Thomas. The analysis of think-aloud transcripts, students' reflective journals, and field observation notes revealed similar patterns of cognitive/metacognitive processes of the problem-solving discourse at the four research sites and distinct patterns of social interactions. Implications of how children used metacognition to impact learning during mathematics problem solving are discussed.

Cross‐Cultural Study of Cognitive and Metacognitive Processes During Math Problem Solving

This article reports findings from a discourse analysis, informed by a discursive psychology (DP) perspective, of pre-service teachers’ beliefs about teacher effectiveness as constructed in reflective papers. DP treats beliefs as discursive productions that are occasioned by an interactional task and are made visible through discursive features. Our analysis highlights the discursive features employed by pre-service teachers as they wrote about teacher effectiveness in relation to their field observations. We conclude that in their texts, the pre-service teachers went about constructing identities of knowledgeable and legitimate speakers on teacher effectiveness, particularly as they gradually gained firsthand experience via classroom observations.

A discursive psychology approach to the study of pre-service teachers’ written reflections about teacher effectiveness

This study explored the ways in which the varied meanings of the education of children with disabilities were discursively constructed in a Russian newspaper for teachers, the Teacher’s Gazette . We identified three articles addressing issues related to children with disabilities. Based on our analysis, we identified the use of two broad discourses: special education as separate and special education as inclusive. In our discussion of the findings, we point to the importance of giving voice to children with disabilities and engaging with children with disabilities and their families in constructing new imaginings of what education might be.

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Education of Children with Disabilities as Constructed within a Russian Newspaper for Teachers

In Russia, children with disabilities have limited access to inclusive education. This article presents the findings of a discourse analysis of 32 newspaper articles focused on the education of children with disabilities, all of which appeared in a Russian newspaper for teachers. We identified two discursive patterns about the education of children with disabilities: preserving a special approach and removing barriers. These patterns highlighted the tensions that exist between the long-standing medical approach to special education and the emergent, inclusive initiatives. Our findings emphasize the need to create space for the perspectives of people with disabilities to be heard, while also serving to shape the future direction of the educational systems within Russia.

Maria Oreshkina

Papers

Teacher-student Relationships: The Meaning of Teachers' Experience Working with Underachieving Students

Cross‐Cultural Study of Cognitive and Metacognitive Processes During Math Problem Solving

A discursive psychology approach to the study of pre-service teachers’ written reflections about teacher effectiveness

Education of Children with Disabilities as Constructed within a Russian Newspaper for Teachers

Discourse of segregation and inclusion: a discourse analysis of a Russian newspaper for teachers