计量经济分析 = Econometric analysis

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.2307%2F3343168.pdf

Development as Freedom

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(07)61690-0.pdf

Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(13)60937-X.pdf

Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries

Without a complete published description of interventions, clinicians and patients cannot reliably implement interventions that are shown to be useful, and other researchers cannot replicate or build on research findings. The quality of description of interventions in publications, however, is remarkably poor. To improve the completeness of reporting, and ultimately the replicability, of interventions, an international group of experts and stakeholders developed the Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide. The process involved a literature review for relevant checklists and research, a Delphi survey of an international panel of experts to guide item selection, and a face to face panel meeting. The resultant 12 item TIDieR checklist (brief name, why, what (materials), what (procedure), who provided, how, where, when and how much, tailoring, modifications, how well (planned), how well (actual)) is an extension of the CONSORT 2010 statement (item 5) and the SPIRIT 2013 statement (item 11). While the emphasis of the checklist is on trials, the guidance is intended to apply across all evaluative study designs. This paper presents the TIDieR checklist and guide, with an explanation and elaboration for each item, and examples of good reporting. The TIDieR checklist and guide should improve the reporting of interventions and make it easier for authors to structure accounts of their interventions, reviewers and editors to assess the descriptions, and readers to use the information.

https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/348/bmj.g1687.full.pdf

Better reporting of interventions: template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide

Objectives To examine the influence of cotrimoxazole (CTM) prophylaxis on incidence of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) and diarrhoea 
Design A prospective observational cohort study Morbidity and feeding data on infants born to HIV-infected mothers were collected routinely at clinic visits at 1 week, 6 weeks and 3 months, and 3-monthly thereafter, with blood drawn for determining HIV status 
Setting Two hospitals in Durban, South Africa In one hospital (King Edward VIII Hospital), infants born to HIVinfected mothers recieved CTM prophylaxis and in the other (McCord Hospital) infants did not receive CTM prophylaxis 
Subjects Infants born to HIV-infected mothers 
Outcome measures Incidence of LRTI and diarrhoea 
Results In multivariate analysis controlling for breast-feeding status, number of clinic visits and HIV infection status, HIVinfected infants with access to CTM prophylaxis had a significantly lower incidence of LRTI (82%) than those without access to prophylaxis However in HIV-uninfected infants, this was not the case CTM prophylaxis was associated with a non-significant increased risk for diarrhoea in both infected (odds ratio (OR) 158, p = 045) and uninfected infants (OR 152, p = 010) 
Conclusions This observational study confirms current thinking that CTM prophylaxis is protective against LRTIs in HIV-infected children However, because of a possible association between CTM prophylaxis and an increased risk of diarrhoea, HIV status of infants should be determined as early as possible in order to prevent unnecessary exposure of uninfected infants to CTM prophylaxis, while further studies to quantify both beneficial and adverse effects of CTM prophylaxis are undertaken 
S Afr Med J 2005; 95: 339-345

/pdf/routinely-available-cotrimoxazole-prophylaxis-and-occurrence-512uo5fzl0.pdf

Routinely available cotrimoxazole prophylaxis and occurrence of respiratory and diarrhoeal morbidity in infants born to HIV-infected mothers in South Africa

Epidemiology of HIV infection in the newborn.

Perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus.

Population-based HIV surveillance is crucial to inform understanding of the HIV pandemic and evaluate HIV interventions, but little is known about longitudinal participation patterns in such settings. We investigated the dynamics of longitudinal participation patterns in a high HIV prevalence surveillance setting in rural South Africa between 2003 and 2012, taking into account demographic dynamics. At any given survey round, 22,708 to 30,495 persons were eligible. Although the yearly participation rates were relatively modest (26% to 46%), cumulative rates increased substantially with multiple recruitment opportunities: 68% of eligible persons participated at least once, 48% at least twice and 31% at least three times after five survey rounds. We identified two types of study fatigue: at the individual level, contact and consent rates decreased with multiple recruitment opportunities and, at the population level, these rates also decreased over calendar time, independently of multiple recruitment opportunities. Using sequence analysis and hierarchical clustering, we identified three broad individual participation profiles: consenters (20%), switchers (43%) and refusers (37%). Men were over represented among refusers, women among consenters, and temporary non-residents among switchers. The specific subgroup of persons who were systemically not contacted or refusers constitutes a challenge for population-based surveillance and interventions.

/pdf/participation-dynamics-in-population-based-longitudinal-hiv-55kgk3h3q7.pdf

Participation Dynamics in Population-Based Longitudinal HIV Surveillance in Rural South Africa

This study investigated whether age-related patterns of immunologic markers in 1488 uninfected (9789 measurements) and 186 infected (3414 measurements) children differed by gender and race. CD4+, CD8+, and absolute lymphocytes by HIV infection status, gender, and race were assessed using linear mixed-effects natural cubic spline models, allowing for prematurity and maternal CD4+ cell count. In uninfected children, levels of all 3 markers peaked twice in the first few months of life, declining to adult levels by around 8 years of age; uninfected boys and uninfected black children had significantly reduced CD4+ and absolute lymphocyte counts; the gender difference was especially pronounced in black children. Infected children had substantially lower levels and distinctly different patterns; with, e.g., by age 6 months CD4+ cell counts nearly 1200 per mm3 lower than in uninfected infants. Levels also significantly differed by gender and race for infected children, although for gender in the opposite direction. The gender and race differences in CD4+ levels were not explained by a general lymphocytosis nor were they confounded by treatment. These substantial differences in immunologic markers may reflect underlying genetic influence on the cellular immune system and may have implications for clinical decisions about therapeutic management.

Marie-Louise Newell

Papers

Routinely available cotrimoxazole prophylaxis and occurrence of respiratory and diarrhoeal morbidity in infants born to HIV-infected mothers in South Africa

Epidemiology of HIV infection in the newborn.

Perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus.

Participation Dynamics in Population-Based Longitudinal HIV Surveillance in Rural South Africa

Are there gender and race differences in cellular immunity patterns over age in infected and uninfected children born to HIV-infected women?