计量经济分析 = Econometric analysis

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.2307%2F3343168.pdf

Development as Freedom

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(07)61690-0.pdf

Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(13)60937-X.pdf

Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries

Without a complete published description of interventions, clinicians and patients cannot reliably implement interventions that are shown to be useful, and other researchers cannot replicate or build on research findings. The quality of description of interventions in publications, however, is remarkably poor. To improve the completeness of reporting, and ultimately the replicability, of interventions, an international group of experts and stakeholders developed the Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide. The process involved a literature review for relevant checklists and research, a Delphi survey of an international panel of experts to guide item selection, and a face to face panel meeting. The resultant 12 item TIDieR checklist (brief name, why, what (materials), what (procedure), who provided, how, where, when and how much, tailoring, modifications, how well (planned), how well (actual)) is an extension of the CONSORT 2010 statement (item 5) and the SPIRIT 2013 statement (item 11). While the emphasis of the checklist is on trials, the guidance is intended to apply across all evaluative study designs. This paper presents the TIDieR checklist and guide, with an explanation and elaboration for each item, and examples of good reporting. The TIDieR checklist and guide should improve the reporting of interventions and make it easier for authors to structure accounts of their interventions, reviewers and editors to assess the descriptions, and readers to use the information.

https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/348/bmj.g1687.full.pdf

Better reporting of interventions: template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide

The World Health Organisation has estimated that 10 million adults and one million children are infected with HIV worldwide.' Most of these infections will have been acquried through heterosexual contact and the increasing prevalence of HIV infection among women has implications for children as vertical transmission from mother to child is the major route by which children acquire infection. The number of children with HIV and AIDS reported in the UK is shown in table L ' There have been no new reports ofHIV seroconversion in children with haemophilia since 1985 when blood donor screening for HIV and heat treatment of freeze dried factor VIII concentrate was introduced. This information comes from a multiple of sources including the British Paediatric Surveillance Unit active surveillance scheme, whereby paediatricians are asked to report on a monthly basis any HIV antibody positive children under their care.3 Recent data from anonymous unlinked test programmes of antenatal women4 and newborn infants as an indirect measure of infection in pregnant women,5 6 suggest that HIV prevalence in Scotland ranged from 2-5 per 1000 in Edinburgh, 14 per 1000 in Dundee, to 0-7 per 1000 in Aberdeen.6 In outer London the mean prevalence was one in 1400, in the south east it was one in 16 000,4 whereas in inner London the prevalence in pregnant women has increased fourfold in the last two years5 and is now one in 500. In antenatal clinics in other parts of the country only one test in 16 000 was positive.4

https://adc.bmj.com/content/archdischild/67/1/138.full.pdf

HIV infection in children.

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(13)62253-9.pdf

Structural barriers to antiretroviral treatment: a study using population-based CD4 cell count and linked antiretroviral treatment programme data

Quantifying the risk of HIV-1 transmission via breast-milk.

Objective To collect context-specific insights into maternal and child health and nutrition issues, and to explore potential solutions in Nanoro, Burkina Faso. Design Eleven focus groups with men and women from eleven communities, facilitated by local researchers. Setting The study took place in the Nanoro Health district, in the West-Central part of Burkina Faso. Participants Eighty-six men (18-55 years) and women by age group: 18-25; 26-34 and 35-55 years, participated in the group discussions. Results Participants described barriers to optimal nutrition of mothers and children related to a range of community factors, with gender inequality as central. Major themes in the discussions are related to poverty and challenges generated by socially and culturally determined gender roles. Sub-themes are women lacking access to food whilst pregnant and having limited access to health care and opportunities to generate income. Although communities believe that food donations should be implemented to overcome this, they also pointed out the need for enhancing their own food production, requiring improved agricultural technologies. Given the important role that women could play in reducing malnutrition, these communities felt they needed to be empowered to do so and supported by men. They also felt that this had to be carried out in the context of an enhanced health care system. Conclusions Findings reported here highlight the importance of nutrition-sensitive interventions and women's empowerment in improving maternal and child nutrition. There is a need to integrate a sustainable multi-sectorial approach which goes beyond food support.

/pdf/men-are-not-playing-their-roles-maternal-and-child-nutrition-f9bqm5obg6.pdf

'Men are not playing their roles', maternal and child nutrition in Nanoro, Burkina Faso.

HIV prevalence is the most commonly used measure to prioritize communities for HIV prevention. We show that data on two HIV infection stages (early vs. nonearly and late vs. nonlate) allow estimation of two better measures of prevention need: HIV incidence (for prevention of HIV acquisition) and expected probability of HIV transmission in unprotected sex acts between HIV-infected community members and susceptible individuals (for prevention of HIV transmission). The three ranking schemes—by prevalence, incidence, and transmission probability—lead to significantly different community rank orders. Disease stage information should be collected in HIV surveys.

Marie-Louise Newell

Papers

HIV infection in children.

Structural barriers to antiretroviral treatment: a study using population-based CD4 cell count and linked antiretroviral treatment programme data

Quantifying the risk of HIV-1 transmission via breast-milk.

'Men are not playing their roles', maternal and child nutrition in Nanoro, Burkina Faso.

Short communication: Prioritizing communities for HIV prevention in sub-Saharan Africa.