Objectives 
The main purpose of the present meta-analysis was to examine the criterion-related validity of the distance- and time-based walk/run tests for estimating cardiorespiratory fitness among apparently healthy children and adults.


Materials and Methods 
Relevant studies were searched from seven electronic bibliographic databases up to August 2015 and through other sources. The Hunter-Schmidt’s psychometric meta-analysis approach was conducted to estimate the population criterion-related validity of the following walk/run tests: 5,000 m, 3 miles, 2 miles, 3,000 m, 1.5 miles, 1 mile, 1,000 m, ½ mile, 600 m, 600 yd, ¼ mile, 15 min, 12 min, 9 min, and 6 min.


Results 
From the 123 included studies, a total of 200 correlation values were analyzed. The overall results showed that the criterion-related validity of the walk/run tests for estimating maximum oxygen uptake ranged from low to moderate (rp = 0.42–0.79), with the 1.5 mile (rp = 0.79, 0.73–0.85) and 12 min walk/run tests (rp = 0.78, 0.72–0.83) having the higher criterion-related validity for distance- and time-based field tests, respectively. The present meta-analysis also showed that sex, age and maximum oxygen uptake level do not seem to affect the criterion-related validity of the walk/run tests.


Conclusions 
When the evaluation of an individual’s maximum oxygen uptake attained during a laboratory test is not feasible, the 1.5 mile and 12 min walk/run tests represent useful alternatives for estimating cardiorespiratory fitness. As in the assessment with any physical fitness field test, evaluators must be aware that the performance score of the walk/run field tests is simply an estimation and not a direct measure of cardiorespiratory fitness.

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Criterion-Related Validity of the Distance- and Time-Based Walk/Run Field Tests for Estimating Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Chaabene, H, Negra, Y, Bouguezzi, R, Mkaouer, B, Franchini, E, Julio, U, and Hachana, Y. Physical and physiological profile of wrestler athletes: a short review. J Strength Cond Res 31(5): 1411-1442, 2017-Wrestling is one of the oldest combat sports, disputed since the ancient Greek Olympic Games. This combat sport discipline has caught the attention of scientists since 1943 which is the date that matches the appearance of the first scientific research dealing with wrestling. The current short review aimed to summarize and critically analyze the scientific literature related to wrestling's physical and physiological attributes and to provide practical recommendations for testing/training together with new perspective and areas of future scientific research. Regardless of sex and wrestling styles, an optimal level of cardiorespiratory fitness is important to help sustaining effort throughout the duration of the match and to stimulate the recovery process between periods. With regard to the anaerobic power and capacity, the available studies were in agreement about their critical importance toward reaching high-level wrestling success since these variables have discriminated well between successful and less-successful wrestlers regardless of age, weight classes, and wrestling styles. Physical fitness parameters such as maximal dynamic strength, isometric strength, explosive strength, and strength endurance are closely related to high-level wrestling performance. However, flexibility level seems not to be one of the key fitness variables that help to reach high-level wrestling success. Overall, to achieve high-level wrestling performance, training should be directed to develop anaerobic power and capacity, aerobic power, maximal dynamic and isometric strength, explosive strength, and strength endurance.

Physical and Physiological Attributes of Wrestlers: An Update.

Background: Lockdowns to prevent the community transmission of COVID-19 pandemic has confined the people at home and imposed social restrictions, which is expected to cause alterations in circadian driven sleep-wake schedule and its associated lifestyle behaviors. Design and Methods: An online questionnaire-based survey was conducted to assess the impact of lockdown on the sleepwake pattern, meal timings and digital media exposure time on the Indian population during lockdown. Responses of 1511 participants (age ≥18 years) were analyzed to assess the effect of gender and age on these parameters before and during lockdown. Results: The sleep onset-wakeup times and meals' time was significantly delayed during lockdown, which was more pronounced in younger subjects. However, young individuals reported increased sleep duration at this time. Increased digital media duration was evident in all age groups, mainly in males. However, females reported more delay in sleep onset-waking time and first meal timing with longer sleep duration during lockdown. Conclusions: Discord with social and natural cues due to complete lockdown during COVID-19 pandemic leads to a state of social jetlag with delayed sleep-wake, meal timings and excessive digital media exposure among Indians, which has differential impact on males and females as well as across different age groups. These findings have applied implications in sleep health and related behavior during longer social isolation conditions such as current COVID-19 or similar situations and may help to prepare better for any such future events.

Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on sleep-wake schedule and associated lifestyle related behavior: A national survey

Physicians who care for children are often called upon to render advice on sports and exercise. Long before the physical fitness fad struck the adult sector, children used sports to have fun, work off steam, test themselves against their peers, and learn about real life. Their physicians, once called on only to tend their wounds, now must be prepared to advise on exercise appropriate to age, size, development, and any concurrent disease, and to control access to many competitive activities. This well-written, carefully documented book provides a great deal of information by which such decisions can be informed. Its extended title accurately describes the focus of the book: exercise physiology in the immature human, with special applications to children with several forms of chronic disorders. Two initial chapters clearly describe the response of children of differing age, sex, and size to exercise. Applications to children with pulmonary, cardiovascular, endocrine, nutritional,

Pediatric Sports Medicine for the Practitioner: From Physiologic Principles to Clinical Applications

Moran, J, Clark, CCT, Ramirez-Campillo, R, Davies, MJ, and Drury, B. A meta-analysis of plyometric training in female youth: its efficacy and shortcomings in the literature. J Strength Cond Res 33(7): 1996-2008, 2019-This meta-analysis characterized female youths' adaptability to plyometric training (PT). A second objective was to highlight the limitations of the body of literature with a view to informing future research. Fourteen studies were included in the final analysis. The effect size (ES = Hedges' g) for the main effect of vertical jump performance was "small" (ES = 0.57, 95% confidence interval: 0.21-0.93). Effect sizes were larger in younger ( 2; ES = 1.22 [0.18-2.25] vs. 0.37 [0.02-0.71]), and whose sessions were of longer duration (≥30 minutes ES = 1.16 [0.14-2.17] vs. 0.33 [0.03-0.63]). More than 16 sessions per program (0.85 [0.18-1.51]) was more effective than exactly 16 sessions (0.46 [0.08-0.84]) which, in turn, was more effective than less than 16 (0.37 [-0.44 to 1.17]). These findings can inform the prescription of PT in female youth.

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A Meta-Analysis of Plyometric Training in Female Youth: Its Efficacy and Shortcomings in the Literature.

Cilj ovoga rada bio je utvrditi sljedece trendove: dob (u godinama) u kojoj se pocinje s hrvanjem, iskustvo (u godinama) i dob vrhunskih sportskih postignuca hrvaca koji su osvojili svoju prvu medalju na europskim prvenstvima u periodu od 2002. do 2012. godine te utvrditi moguce razlike u tim parametrima među težinskim kategorijama. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku od 180 hrvaca. Osvajaci europskih medalja poceli su se baviti hrvanjem u dobi od 10, 27±2, 79 godina ; imali su 14, 61±4, 02 godina hrvackog iskustva prije osvajanja svoga prvoga europskog odlicja, a medalju su osvojili u dobi od 24, 86±3, 29 godina. Dobivene su statisticki znacajne razlike (p 2007, 2011 ; dobi 2004>2006, 2007, 2010, 2011. Znacajne razlike među težinskim kategorijama dobivene su u: dobi pocetka bavljenja hrvanjem 120>60, 66, 74, 84, 96 ; godinama iskustva 55<74, 84, 96 ; zrelosti za postizanje najboljih rezultata 55<66, 96 ; 60<66, 96, 120. Istraživanje je pokazalo da bi se hrvanjem trebalo poceti baviti u dobi od 10 godina. Postoji znacajna korelacija između iskustva i zrelosti kada se postižu najbolji rezultati. U najlaksoj se i najtežoj težinskoj kategoriji hrvaci pocinju baviti hrvanjem kasnije i imaju manje iskustva u trenutku osvajanja prve europske medalje. U najtežoj težinskoj kategoriji hrvaci trebaju imati vise godina da bi ostvarili najbolje rezultate. Ovo istraživanje nudi trenerima precizne informacije o tome kada poceti hrvati te kada od hrvaca ocekivati da ce osvojiti svoje prvo znacajno natjecanje sukladno svojoj težinskoj kategoriji.

/pdf/beginning-age-wrestling-experience-and-wrestling-peak-iaxsjajeqr.pdf

Beginning age, wrestling experience and wrestling peak performance–trends in period 2002–2012

Increasing the physical fitness level is the basic goal of all types of sport preparation. The importance of certain physical fitness abilities for success in a wrestling bout varies in wrestlers of various wrestling styles and age. The aim of this research was to identify the differences between the classical style (Greco-Roman) and the free style wrestlers in the variables assessing physical fitness. The research was conducted on the sample comprised of 107 top-level classical style (n=46) and free style (n=61) wrestlers 17 to 20 years of age, all Polish junior national team members. The measuring instrument consisted of 18 tests, most of them being the test battery of Starosta and Trocewski for advanced wrestlers, aimed at assessing the general and the wrestling-specific physical fitness level. The obtained results were processed by the canonical discriminant analysis and by the univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA). The discriminant factor defined as the strength endurance of the trunk and upper extremities statistically significantly discriminated between the classical and the free style wrestlers. It was found that the group of top-level junior free style wrestlers had statistically significantly more expressed strength endurance of the trunk and upper extremities than the group of top-level junior classical style wrestlers. The authors assumed the obtained results had been induced by the specific features of each wrestling style.

/pdf/differences-in-physical-fitness-levels-between-the-classical-3q0966d7ld.pdf

Differences in physical fitness levels between the classical and the free style wrestlers

The aims of this paper were: a) to present weight reduction habits of adolescent wrestlers; b) to establish differences in mood states between weight groups; and c) to determine relations between weight loss and indicators of hydration with mood states. Adolescent wrestlers do resort to rapid weight loss (RWL) regimens in their training process and competition – 70.1% of the subjects reduced their body mass and the reduction regime usually lasted one week. Similar habits have been reported in other studies despite the well evidenced detrimental effects of RWL. Urine specific gravity (USG) values suggest that all the subjects were in the state of dehydration ranging from a mild to a high one. The groups of low weight (LW) and middle weight (MW) wrestlers reduced their body mass significantly more than others (BM; p<.05) and their sensation of fatigue was significantly higher (p<.05). The variables body mass reduction and %BM reduction were correlated with negative mood states, whereas the indicators of hydration in one of the groups (MW) established ambiguous relations with dehydration and positive mood states.

/pdf/mood-aspects-of-rapid-weight-loss-in-adolescent-wrestlers-4uasavmbc4.pdf

Mood aspects of rapid weight loss in adolescent wrestlers

Although both sedentary behavior and sleep duration are risk factors for obesity, little evidence is provided regarding their mutual associations in young adults, who are at extreme risk of spending more time sitting and having irregular sleeping hygiene. Thus, the main purpose of the present study was to explore the associations between different sedentary behaviors and sleep duration. In this cross-sectional study, we recruited 2100 university students from the city of Zagreb. To assess sedentary behaviors and sleep duration, we used validated questionnaires. The associations between sedentary behaviors and sleep duration were analyzed using logistic regression analyses and were adjusted for sex, body-mass index, self-rated health, socioeconomic status, smoking status, binge drinking, psychological distress and chronic disease/s. Participants being in the third (OR = 1.45; 95% CI 1.05 to 2.01) and fourth (OR = 1.82; 95% CI 1.26 to 2.61) quartile of the screen-time, in the third (OR = 1.49; 95% CI 1.05 to 2.13) and fourth (OR = 1.72; 95% CI 1.22 to 2.42) quartile of the leisure-time sedentary behavior and in the fourth (OR = 1.45; 95% CI 1.04 to 2.02) quartile of the total sedentary behavior were more likely to be 'short' sleepers ( 9 h). Our study shows that sedentary behavior in screen-time and total sedentary behavior are associated with both 'short' and 'long' sleep duration.

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/2/200/pdf

Are Sedentary Behaviors Associated with Sleep Duration? A Cross-Sectional Case from Croatia.

Using sport exercise with herbal supplements is one of the recommended methods for controlling obesity and its complications. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of eight weeks...

Mario Baić

Papers

Beginning age, wrestling experience and wrestling peak performance–trends in period 2002–2012

Differences in physical fitness levels between the classical and the free style wrestlers

Mood aspects of rapid weight loss in adolescent wrestlers

Are Sedentary Behaviors Associated with Sleep Duration? A Cross-Sectional Case from Croatia.

Effects of eight weeks of aerobic exercise and taking caraway supplement on C-reactive protein and sleep quality in obese women.