The field of organizationa l justice continues to be marked by several important research questions, including the size of relationships among justice dimensions, the relative importance of different justice criteria, and the unique effects of justice dimensions on key outcomes. To address such questions, the authors conducted a meta-analytic review of 183 justice studies. The results suggest that although different justice dimensions are moderately to highly related, they contribute incremental variance explained in fairness perceptions. The results also illustrate the overall and unique relationships among distributive, procedural, interpersonal, and informational justice and several organizational outcomes (e.g., job satisfaction, organizational commitment, evaluation of authority, organizational citizenship behavior, withdrawal, performance). These findings are reviewed in terms of their implications for future research on organizationa l justice.

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Justice at the millennium: a meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research

Appropriately centering Level 1 predictors is vital to the interpretation of intercept and slope parameters in multilevel models (MLMs). The issue of centering has been discussed in the literature, but it is still widely misunderstood. The purpose of this article is to provide a detailed overview of grand mean centering and group mean centering in the context of 2-level MLMs. The authors begin with a basic overview of centering and explore the differences between grand and group mean centering in the context of some prototypical research questions. Empirical analyses of artificial data sets are used to illustrate key points throughout. The article provides a number of practical recommendations designed to facilitate centering decisions in MLM applications.

Centering predictor variables in cross-sectional multilevel models: a new look at an old issue.

The Role of Justice in Organizations: A Meta-Analysis

The use of interrater reliability (IRR) and interrater agreement (IRA) indices has increased dramatically during the past 20 years. This popularity is, at least in part, because of the increased role of multilevel modeling techniques (e.g., hierarchical linear modeling and multilevel structural equation modeling) in organizational research. IRR and IRA indices are often used to justify aggregating lower-level data used in composition models. The purpose of the current article is to expose researchers to the various issues surrounding the use of IRR and IRA indices often used in conjunction with multilevel models. To achieve this goal, the authors adopt a question-and-answer format and provide a tutorial in the appendices illustrating how these indices may be computed using the SPSS software.

Answers to 20 Questions About Interrater Reliability and Interrater Agreement

Group emotional contagion, the transfer of moods among people in a group, and its influence on work group dynamics was examined in a laboratory study of managerial decision making using multiple, c...

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The Ripple Effect: Emotional Contagion and Its Influence on Group Behavior

Centering Decisions in Hierarchical Linear Models: Implications for Research in Organizations

This study investigated the relationships of the in-role performance and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) of the employees in an organization with their trust in their plant managers and t...

Trust in Management and Performance: Who Minds the Shop While the Employees Watch the Boss?

The application of hierarchical linear modeling to organizational research.

Multilevel Analytical Techniques: Commonalties, Differences, and Continuing Questions.

This article develops and tests a conceptual model of followers' perceptions of transformational leadership as an antecedent to their positive psychological capital—a higher-order construct that represents an individual's motivational propensity and perseverance toward goals. Positive psychological capital, in turn, has in-role performance and organizational citizenship behavior as consequences. Structural equation modeling results support the relationship between followers' perceptions of transformational leadership and positive psychological capital, as well as the relationship between positive psychological capital and each performance outcome. Implications of these results are discussed regarding the literatures of transformational leadership and positive organizational behavior.

Mark B. Gavin

Papers

Centering Decisions in Hierarchical Linear Models: Implications for Research in Organizations

Trust in Management and Performance: Who Minds the Shop While the Employees Watch the Boss?

The application of hierarchical linear modeling to organizational research.

Multilevel Analytical Techniques: Commonalties, Differences, and Continuing Questions.

In the Eyes of the Beholder: Transformational Leadership, Positive Psychological Capital, and Performance