Technology and applications for the rendering of virtual acoustic spaces are reviewed. Chapter 1 deals with acoustics and psychoacoustics. Chapters 2 and 3 cover cues to spatial hearing and review psychoacoustic literature. Chapter 4 covers signal processing and systems overviews of 3-D sound systems. Chapter 5 covers applications to computer workstations, communication systems, aeronautics and space, and sonic arts. Chapter 6 lists resources. This TM is a reprint of the 1994 book from Academic Press.

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3-D sound for virtual reality and multimedia

In a reverberant environment, sounds reach the ears through several paths. Although the direct sound is followed by multiple reflections, which would be audible in isolation, the first-arriving wavefront dominates many aspects of perception. The “precedence effect” refers to a group of phenomena that are thought to be involved in resolving competition for perception and localization between a direct sound and a reflection. This article is divided into five major sections. First, it begins with a review of recent work on psychoacoustics, which divides the phenomena into measurements of fusion, localization dominance, and discrimination suppression. Second, buildup of precedence and breakdown of precedence are discussed. Third measurements in several animal species, developmental changes in humans, and animal studies are described. Fourth, recent physiological measurements that might be helpful in providing a fuller understanding of precedence effects are reviewed. Fifth, a number of psychophysical models a...

/pdf/the-precedence-effect-1726rwzzox.pdf

The precedence effect.

Perceived order in different sense modalities.

The role of auditory localization in attention and memory span.

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/164/3877/251.full.pdf

Evolution of Neocortex

The precedence effect in sound localization.

The fact that sounds are localized in reverberant surroundings points up a critical problem which has not been explored sufficiently. A brief description will be given of experiments we have done which demonstrate that there is a precedence effect, whereby the first in line of a series of closely spaced sounds is the one which determines the place where the sound is heard. This demonstration of the importance of first arrival makes clear how we are able to discount the ambiguous clues from the reflected sounds of an ordinary hard‐walled room. More extended measurements of the precedence effect have been made by synthesizing a sound out of four clicks arranged to give first one pair to the two ears representing one location, then a second pair to the ears representing a different location. Two parameters have been studied systematically, the interval between first pair and second pair, and the temporal disparity of the second pair. All measurements were made by varying the disparity of the first pair until the fused sound appeared to be in the middle of the head. Results of these experiments will be discussed.

A Precedence Effect in Sound Localization

Discrimination of auditory intensities in the cat.

The Precedence Effect in Sound Localization (Tutorial Reprint)

The Awards for Distinguished Scientific Contributions are presented to persons who, in the opinion of the Committee on Scientific Awards, have made distinguished theoretical or empirical contributions to basic research in psychology. The 2017 recipients of the APA Scientific Contribution Awards were recognized by the 2016 Board of Scientific Affairs and selected by the 2016 Committee on Scientific Awards. Members of the committee were James Grau, PhD (Chair); Megan R. Gunnar, PhD; Daniel N. Klein, PhD; Hazel R. Markus, PhD; Karen A. Matthews, PhD; and Linda Smith, PhD. (PsycINFO Database Record

Mark R. Rosenzweig

Papers

The precedence effect in sound localization.

A Precedence Effect in Sound Localization

Discrimination of auditory intensities in the cat.

The Precedence Effect in Sound Localization (Tutorial Reprint)

Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions