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Using Multivariate Statistics

The following paper presents current thinking and research on fit indices for structural equation modelling. The
paper presents a selection of fit indices that are widely regarded as the most informative indices available to researchers.
As well as outlining each of these indices, guidelines are presented on their use. The paper also provides reporting
strategies of these indices and concludes with a discussion on the future of fit indices.

/pdf/structural-equation-modelling-guidelines-for-determining-muejvmc1az.pdf

Structural Equation Modelling: Guidelines for Determining Model Fit

Attachment--and loss.

What good is self-control? We incorporated a new measure of individual differences in self-control into two large investigations of a broad spectrum of behaviors. The new scale showed good internal consistency and retest reliability. Higher scores on self-control correlated with a higher grade point average, better adjustment (fewer reports of psychopathology, higher self-esteem), less binge eating and alcohol abuse, better relationships and interpersonal skills, secure attachment, and more optimal emotional responses. Tests for curvilinearity failed to indicate any drawbacks of so-called overcontrol, and the positive effects remained after controlling for social desirability. Low self-control is thus a significant risk factor for a broad range of personal and interpersonal problems.

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High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success.

Summary Background Since December, 2019, Wuhan, China, has experienced an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 have been reported but risk factors for mortality and a detailed clinical course of illness, including viral shedding, have not been well described. Methods In this retrospective, multicentre cohort study, we included all adult inpatients (≥18 years old) with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 from Jinyintan Hospital and Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital (Wuhan, China) who had been discharged or had died by Jan 31, 2020. Demographic, clinical, treatment, and laboratory data, including serial samples for viral RNA detection, were extracted from electronic medical records and compared between survivors and non-survivors. We used univariable and multivariable logistic regression methods to explore the risk factors associated with in-hospital death. Findings 191 patients (135 from Jinyintan Hospital and 56 from Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital) were included in this study, of whom 137 were discharged and 54 died in hospital. 91 (48%) patients had a comorbidity, with hypertension being the most common (58 [30%] patients), followed by diabetes (36 [19%] patients) and coronary heart disease (15 [8%] patients). Multivariable regression showed increasing odds of in-hospital death associated with older age (odds ratio 1·10, 95% CI 1·03–1·17, per year increase; p=0·0043), higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score (5·65, 2·61–12·23; p Interpretation The potential risk factors of older age, high SOFA score, and d-dimer greater than 1 μg/mL could help clinicians to identify patients with poor prognosis at an early stage. Prolonged viral shedding provides the rationale for a strategy of isolation of infected patients and optimal antiviral interventions in the future. Funding Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences; National Science Grant for Distinguished Young Scholars; National Key Research and Development Program of China; The Beijing Science and Technology Project; and Major Projects of National Science and Technology on New Drug Creation and Development.

Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study

Background War captivity and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are known to be associated with several poor health outcomes of an accelerated aging process. However, the contribution of personality protective factors to this phenomenon are rarely studied. The present 24-year prospective study examined associations between psychological hardiness and three health outcomes: C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, metabolic syndrome (MetS), and telomere length (TL). Method Eighty-eight Israeli former prisoners of war (ex-POWs) were assessed 18 (T1) and 42 (T2) years after repatriation. Data on hardiness was collected at T1 while leukocyte TL, CRP, and MetS data was collected 42 years after the war. Results While adjusting for age, body mass index (BMI), self-rated health, depressive and PTSD symptoms at T2, higher levels of hardiness at T1 predicted decreased CRP and longer TL at T2. Conclusions Long-term health vulnerabilities of traumatized ex-POWs are manifested in an accelerated aging process and cellular senescence. Raising awareness of the importance of protective factors such as veterans' hardiness might be associated with improving their longevity and well-being. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Associations Between Hardiness, C-Reactive Protein and Telomere Length Among Former Prisoners of War

The primary aim of this study was to estimate the rate of face mask use during the COVID-19 pandemic in a representative UK adult population sample and assess its association with demographic, health, and mental health variables. The rate of face mask wearing was 16.7% and was associated with being younger, male, living in an urban environment, having existing health problems, increased perceived risk of COVID-19, depression, traumatic stress, and COVID-19 related anxiety. The number of people prepared to wear face masks needs to increase significantly if the UK government recommends their use.

STUDY: Demographic, Health and Mental Health Predictors of Face Mask Wearing in the UK Population During the COVID-19 Lockdown Period

Abstract Objectives Eating disorders (ED) are associated with significant morbidity and mortality rates and are most common in young people aged between 15 and 19 years. Large representative surveys on disordered eating in youth are lacking. The main aims were to estimate the prevalence of disordered eating in a representative sample of 11–19 year olds in Northern Ireland and investigate the associations between probable eating disorder and a range of risk factors. Designs and Methods A large nationally representative household survey was conducted, and the bivariate and multivariate associations between demographic, familial, economic and psychological risk factors and probable eating disorder were assessed. Results A total of 16.2% (n = 211) of the sample met the SCOFF screening criteria for disordered eating. Probable eating disorder was associated with being female (OR = 2.44), having a parent with mental health problems (OR = 1.68), suffering from certain psychological problems, such as mood or anxiety disorder (OR = 2.55), social media disorder (OR = 2.95), being the victim of physical bullying (OR = 1.71) and having smoked (OR = 2.46). Conclusions This study provides the first prevalence estimates of probable eating disorder among youth in Northern Ireland. Furthermore, the study identifies unique risk factors for probable eating disorder among this representative sample.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/bjc.12401

Prevalence of probable eating disorders and associated risk factors: An analysis of the Northern Ireland Youth Wellbeing Survey using the SCOFF

Introduction: This study documents and describes practitioners’ views and experiences of the process of implementing an ‘impact evaluation’ of the independent school counselling service provided by the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) in Northern Ireland. Method: Data was gathered from practitioners (n=18) across the duration of the evaluation process; at the pre, mid and post implementation stages of the evaluation process. Data-gathering methods included consultation focus groups, records of training meetings, minutes of strategic advisory group meetings, a practitioner internet based discussion board and a structured questionnaire. A thematic analysis was carried out using Nvivo software. Results: Practitioner reflections confirmed the evaluation process as challenging yet with considerable benefits for recognition, self-reflection and practice development. Discussion: Recommendations for integrating outcome evaluation within school counselling practice are pr...

Practitioners’ views and experiences of participating in a school counselling evaluation study

/pdf/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-with-psychotic-features-4jn0gzv2ph.pdf

Mark Shevlin

Papers

Associations Between Hardiness, C-Reactive Protein and Telomere Length Among Former Prisoners of War

STUDY: Demographic, Health and Mental Health Predictors of Face Mask Wearing in the UK Population During the COVID-19 Lockdown Period

Prevalence of probable eating disorders and associated risk factors: An analysis of the Northern Ireland Youth Wellbeing Survey using the SCOFF

Practitioners’ views and experiences of participating in a school counselling evaluation study

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder with Psychotic Features