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Magnetic Resonance Imaging Physical Principles And Sequence Design

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Introduction To Complex Analysis In Several Variables

Restenosis limits the effectiveness of stents, but the mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon remain incompletely described. Stent geometry and expansion during deployment produce alterations in vascular anatomy that may adversely affect wall shear stress (WSS) and correlate with neointimal hyperplasia. These considerations have been neglected in previous computational fluid dynamics models of stent hemodynamics. Thus we tested the hypothesis that deployment diameter and stent strut properties (e.g., number, width, and thickness) influence indexes of WSS predicted with three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics. Simulations were based on canine coronary artery diameter measurements. Stent-to-artery ratios of 1.1 or 1.2:1 were modeled, and computational vessels containing four or eight struts of two widths (0.197 or 0.329 mm) and two thicknesses (0.096 or 0.056 mm) subjected to an inlet velocity of (0.105 m/s were examined. WSS and spatial WSS gradients were calculated and expressed as a percentage of the stent and vessel area. Reducing strut thickness caused regions subjected to low WSS (<5 dyn/cm 2 ) to decrease by ∼87%. Increasing the number of struts produced a 2.75-fold increase in exposure to low WSS. Reducing strut width also caused a modest increase in the area of the vessel experiencing low WSS. Use of a 1.2:1 deployment ratio increased exposure to low WSS by 12-fold compared with stents implanted in a 1.1:1 stent-to-vessel ratio. Thinner struts caused a modest reduction in the area of the vessel subjected to elevated WSS gradients, but values were similar for the other simulations. The results suggest that stent designs that reduce strut number and thickness are less likely to subject the vessel to distributions of WSS associated with neointimal hyperplasia.

Stent design properties and deployment ratio influence indexes of wall shear stress: a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics investigation within a normal artery. Commentary

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Volumetric velocimetry for fluid flows

Methodologies to acquire three-dimensional velocity fields are becoming increasingly available, generating large datasets of steady state and transient flows of engineering and/or biomedical interest. This paper presents a novel linear filter for three-dimensional velocity acquisitions, which eliminates the spurious velocity divergence due to measurement errors. The noise reduction properties of the associated linear operator are discussed together with the treatment of boundary conditions. Examples show the application of the technique to real velocity fields acquired through volumetric Particle Image Velocimetry. The effectiveness of the filter is demonstrated by application to synthetic velocity fields obtained from analytical solutions and computations. The filter eliminates about half of the noise, without artificial smoothing of the original data, and conserves localized flow features.

A matching pursuit approach to solenoidal filtering of three-dimensional velocity measurements

Velocity measurements with magnetic resonance velocimetry offer outstanding possibilities for experimental fluid mechanics. The purpose of this study was to provide practical guidelines for the estimation of the measurement uncertainty in such experiments. Based on various test cases, it is shown that the uncertainty estimate can vary substantially depending on how the uncertainty is obtained. The conventional approach to estimate the uncertainty from the noise in the artifact-free background can lead to wrong results. A deviation of up to $$-75\,\%$$
 is observed with the presented experiments. In addition, a similarly high deviation is demonstrated with the data from other studies. As a more accurate approach, the uncertainty is estimated directly from the image region with the flow sample. Two possible estimation methods are presented.

Estimation of the measurement uncertainty in magnetic resonance velocimetry based on statistical models

Influence of Combustor Swirl on Endwall Heat Transfer and Film Cooling Effectiveness at the Large Scale Turbine Rig (LSTR)

The presented study deals with the internal cooling of turbine blades by swirling flow. The sensitivity of this flow type is investigated towards Reynolds number, swirl intensity and the common geometric features of cooling ducts. The flow system consists of a straight and round channel that is attached to a tangential-type swirl generator. The channel outlet features various orifices and 180-degree-bends. The investigated Reynolds number range is Re = 2000…32000 and the geometric swirl numbers are S* = 1,3,5. The experiments were carried out with Magnetic Resonance Velocimetry for which water was used as flow medium. As the main outcome, it was found that the investigated flows are highly sensitive to the conditions at the outlet of the channel. But it was also discovered that for some channel outlets the flow field remains the same. The associated flow type features a favorable topology for heat transfer: The majority of mass is transported in the annular region close to the channel walls. Together with its high robustness, it is regarded as an applicable type for the internal cooling of turbine blades. A Large Eddy Simulation was conducted to analyze the heat transfer characteristic of this flow. For S*=3 and Re=20000, the simulation showed an averaged Nusselt number increase of factor 4.7 compared to fully-developed flow. However, a pressure loss increase of factor 43 must be considered as well. The presented measurements and simulations have led to a further understanding of swirling flows and proved these flows advantageous for the internal cooling of turbine blades.Copyright © 2015 by ASME

Influence of Channel Geometry and Flow Variables on Cyclone Cooling of Turbine Blades

Purpose The purpose of this study is to provide a standard method for flow velocity measurements with phase-contrast (PC) MRI. This method can be used for in vitro studies that place high demands on measurement accuracy. Clinically relevant PC MRI techniques can be validated using this method before being applied in vivo. Methods Many motion-related errors in PC MRI, particularly flow misregistration, depend on the timing of the encoding gradients in the pulse sequence. By synchronizing all encoding gradients and shortening the overall encoding interval, these errors can be significantly reduced. Based on this concept, a single-point PC MRI method is proposed. Results Flow experiments were conducted in vitro. No considerable errors were found in the velocity data of the proposed method. For comparison, a conventional PC MRI technique showed up to 100% local velocity deviation and up to 35% flow rate deviation in the same experiments. Conclusions With the proposed method, the overall measurement accuracy is significantly increased compared to conventional PC MRI techniques. Due to long acquisition times and high specific absorption rates, this method can only be applied in vitro.

Martin Bruschewski

Papers

Estimation of the measurement uncertainty in magnetic resonance velocimetry based on statistical models

Influence of Combustor Swirl on Endwall Heat Transfer and Film Cooling Effectiveness at the Large Scale Turbine Rig (LSTR)

Influence of Channel Geometry and Flow Variables on Cyclone Cooling of Turbine Blades

Phase-contrast single-point imaging with synchronized encoding: a more reliable technique for in vitro flow quantification.

Considerations for the design of swirl chambers for the cyclone cooling of turbine blades and for other applications with high swirl intensity