A front-tracking method for viscous, incompressible, multi-fluid flows

Sonochemistry is the use of ultrasound to enhance or alter chemical reactions. Sonochemistry in the true sense of the term occurs when ultrasound induces “true” chemical effects on the reaction system, such as forming free radicals which accelerate the reaction. However, ultrasound may have other mechanical effects on the reaction, such as increasing the surface area between the reactants, accelerating dissolution, and/or renewing the surface of a solid reactant or catalyst. This comprehensive review summarizes several topics of study in the sonochemical literature, including bubble dynamics, factors affecting cavitation, the effects of ultrasound on a variety of chemical systems, modeling of kinetic and mass-transfer effects, the methods used to produce ultrasound, proposed cavitation reactors, and the problems of scaleup. The objective of this paper is to present a critical review of information available in the literature so as to facilitate and inspire future research in the field of sonochemistry.

Sonochemistry: Science and Engineering

Atmospheric aerosol particles of biological origin are a very diverse group of biological materials and structures, including microorganisms, dispersal units, fragments and excretions of biological organisms. In recent years, the impact of biological aerosol particles on atmospheric processes has been studied with increasing intensity, and a wealth of new information and insights has been gained. This review outlines the current knowledge on major categories of primary biological aerosol particles (PBAP): bacteria and archaea, fungal spores and fragments, pollen, viruses, algae and cyanobacteria, biological crusts and lichens and others like plant or animal fragments and detritus. We give an overview of sampling methods and physical, chemical and biological techniques for PBAP analysis (cultivation, microscopy, DNA/RNA analysis, chemical tracers, optical and mass spectrometry, etc.). Moreover, we address and summarise the current understanding and open questions concerning the influence of PBAP on the atmosphere and climate, i.e. their optical properties and their ability to act as ice nuclei (IN) or cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). We suggest that the following research activities should be pursued in future studies of atmospheric biological aerosol particles: (1) develop efficient and reliable analytical techniques for the identification and quantification of PBAP; (2) apply advanced and standardised techniques to determine the abundance and diversity of PBAP and their seasonal variation at regional and global scales (atmospheric biogeography); (3) determine the emission rates, optical properties, IN and CCN activity of PBAP in field measurements and laboratory experiments; (4) use field and laboratory data to constrain numerical models of atmospheric transport, transformation and climate effects of PBAP. Keywords: primary biological atmospheric aerosol; climate; cloud condensation nuclei; biology; atmospheric ice nuclei (Published: 22 February 2012) Citation: Tellus B 2012, 64 , 15598, DOI: 10.3402/tellusb.v64i0.15598

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3402/tellusb.v64i0.15598

Primary biological aerosol particles in the atmosphere: a review

Classification, processing and application of hydrogels: A review.

Sorption of arsenic, cadmium, and lead by chars produced from fast pyrolysis of wood and bark during bio-oil production

The shapes and terminal velocities of bubbles rising in viscous liquids have been determined. For Morton numbers (M) greater than 4 × 10−3 the drag coefficient and dimensionless bubble shape are functions only of Reynolds number (R). Shape regimes and terminal rise velocities have been correlated. The flow field around a rising bubble was visualized through the hydrogen bubble tracer technique. For M > 4 × 10−3 and R 110 the wake was open and unsteady. Streamlines for the flow were obtained by raising a cine camera at the same speed as the bubble and filming the H2 tracer bubbles. Results are presented for R < 150 and 7·4 × 10−4 < M < 850.

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Bubbles in viscous liquids: shapes, wakes and velocities

Sodium-di-(n-octyl) phosphinate (NaL) was used as a precipitating agent to remove heavy metals from aqueous nitrate solutions. Cadmium, zinc and mixtures of lead, cadmium and zinc were precipitated in the form of PbL 2(s) , CdL 2(s) , and ZnL 2(s) . Lowering the pH of the feed solution reduced the removal of the metals as some of the phosphinate precipitated in the acid form as HL (s) . The removal of lead, cadmium, and zinc, from a solution containing the three metals gave a selectivity in the order Zn>Pb>Cd. Predictions of an equilibrium-constant model, using measured solubility products of the precipitates and literature values of stability constants, gave metal removals, loss of precipitating agent, and equilibrium pH in good agreement with measured values.

Removal of lead, cadmium and zinc from aqueous solutions by precipitation with sodium Di-(n-octyl) phosphinate

Momentum, heat and mass transfer, 2nd edition, C. O. Bennett and J. E. Myers, McGraw‐Hill, New York (1974). 810 pages. $17.85

Interceptional and gravitational collision efficiencies for single collectors at intermediate Reynolds numbers

Experimental liquid-liquid equilibrium tie lines and plait points were obtained for ternary systems consisting of water, sodium chloride, and poly(propylene glycol) 425 at 278, 298, and 333 K or poly(propylene glycol) 725 at 278 and 298 K

Martin E. Weber

Papers

Bubbles in viscous liquids: shapes, wakes and velocities

Removal of lead, cadmium and zinc from aqueous solutions by precipitation with sodium Di-(n-octyl) phosphinate

Momentum, heat and mass transfer, 2nd edition, C. O. Bennett and J. E. Myers, McGraw‐Hill, New York (1974). 810 pages. $17.85

Interceptional and gravitational collision efficiencies for single collectors at intermediate Reynolds numbers

Liquid-liquid equilibrium of aqueous mixtures of poly(propylene glycol) with sodium chloride