2 1 The innovative transport systems and the CityMobil project 10 1.1 The research questions 10 2 The state of art in the field of automatic transport systems 12 2.1 Case studies and demand studies for innovative transport systems 12 3 The design and implementation of surveys 14 3.1 Definition of experimental design 14 3.2 Questionnaire design and delivery 16 3.3 First analyses on the collected sample 18 4 Calibration of Logit Multionomial demand models 21 4.1 Methodology 21 4.2 Calibration of the “full” model. 22 4.3 Calibration of the “final” model 24 4.4 The demand analysis through the final Multinomial Logit model 25 5 The analysis of interaction between the demand and socioeconomic attributes 31 5.1 Methodology 31 5.2 Application of Mixed Logit models to the demand 31 5.3 Analysis of the interactions between demand and socioeconomic attributes through Mixed Logit models 32 5.4 Mixed Logit model and interaction between age and the demand for the CTS 38 5.5 Demand analysis with Mixed Logit model 39 6 Final analyses and conclusions 45 6.1 Comparison between the results of the analyses 45 6.2 Conclusions 48 6.3 Answers to the research questions and future developments 52

The European commission

Home PURPOSE OF THE CENTER: To develop the center to address state-of-the-art research, create innovating educational programs, and support technology transfers using commercially viable results to assist the Army Research Laboratory to develop the next generation Future Combat System in the telecommunications sector that assures prevention of perceived threats, and Non Line of Sight/Beyond Line of Sight lethal support.

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ing WS1S Systems to Verify Parameterized Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Kai Baukus, Saddek Bensalem, Yassine Lakhnech and Karsten Stahl FMona: A Tool for Expressing Validation Techniques over Infinite State Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 J.-P. Bodeveix and M. Filali Transitive Closures of Regular Relations for Verifying Infinite-State Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Bengt Jonsson and Marcus Nilsson Diagnostic and Test Generation Using Static Analysis to Improve Automatic Test Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Marius Bozga, Jean-Claude Fernandez and Lucian Ghirvu Efficient Diagnostic Generation for Boolean Equation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Radu Mateescu Efficient Model-Checking Compositional State Space Generation with Partial Order Reductions for Asynchronous Communicating Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Jean-Pierre Krimm and Laurent Mounier Checking for CFFD-Preorder with Tester Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Juhana Helovuo and Antti Valmari Fair Bisimulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Thomas A. Henzinger and Sriram K. Rajamani Integrating Low Level Symmetries into Reachability Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 Karsten Schmidt Model-Checking Tools Model Checking Support for the ASM High-Level Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Giuseppe Del Castillo and Kirsten Winter Table of

Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems. Proc. TACAS 2009

Industry 4.0 technologies: Implementation patterns in manufacturing companies

Control loops that are closed over a communication network get more and more common. A problem with such systems is that the transfer delays will be varying with different characteristics depending on the network hardware and software. The network delays are typically varying due to varying network load, scheduling policies in the network and the nodes, and due to network failures. Two network models of different complexity are studied: Random delays that are independent from transfer to transfer, Random delays with probability distribution functions governed by an underlying Markov chain. The delay models are verified by experimental measurements of network delays. In the thesis it is shown how to analyze stability and expected performance of linear controllers where the network delays are described by one of the two network models above. Methods to evaluate quadratic cost functions are developed. Through the same analysis we find criteria for mean square stability of the closed loop for the different network models. The Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) optimal controller is developed for the two delay models. The derived controller uses knowledge of old time delays. These can be calculated using ``timestamping'' of messages in the network. ``Timestamping'' means that every transfered signal is marked with the time of generation. The receiving node can then calculate how long the transfer delay was by comparing the timestamp with the node's internal clock. (Less)

/pdf/real-time-control-systems-with-delays-aau6neyvii.pdf

Real-Time Control Systems with Delays

Current status and advancement of cyber-physical systems in manufacturing

The paper formulates and discusses timing problems in real-time systems from the sampled data point of view. Different ways to eliminate the effects of communication delays are considered.

Timing problems in real-time control systems

The Controller Area Network (CAN) is a serial bus communications protocol developed by Bosch in the early 1980s. It defines a standard for efficient and reliable communication between sensor, actuator, controller, and other nodes in real-time applications. CAN is the de facto standard in a large variety of networked embedded control systems. The early CAN development was mainly supported by the vehicle industry: CAN is found in a variety of passenger cars, trucks, boats, spacecraft, and other types of vehicles. The protocol is also widely used today in industrial automation and other areas of networked embedded control, with applications in diverse products such as production machinery, medical equipment, building automation, weaving machines, and wheelchairs.The purpose of this chapter is to give an introduction to CAN and some of its vehicle applications. The outline is as follows. Section 2 describes the CAN protocol, including its message formats and error handling. The section is concluded by a brief history of CAN. Examples of vehicle application architectures based on CAN are given in Section 3. A few specific control loops closed over CAN buses are discussed in Section 4. The paper is concluded with some perspectives in Section 5, where current research issues such as x-by-wire and standardized software architectures are considered. The examples are described in more detail in [14]. A detailed description of CAN is given in the textbook [6]. Another good resource for further information is the homepage of the organization CAN-in-Automation (CiA) [3]. The use of CAN as a basis for distributed control systems is discussed in [13].

/pdf/vehicle-applications-of-controller-area-network-5elq6uwrcs.pdf

Vehicle Applications of Controller Area Network

Automatic control applications are real-time systems which pose stringent requirements on precisely time-triggered synchronized actions and constant end-to-end delays in feedback loops which often constitute multi-rate systems. Motivated by the apparent gap between computer science and automatic control theory, a set of requirements for real-time implementation of control applications is given. A real-time behavioral model for control applications is then presented and exemplified. Important sources and characteristics of time-variations in distributed computer systems are investigated. This illuminates key execution strategies to ensure the required timing behavior. Implications on design and implementation and directions for further work are discussed.

Fundamentals of Implementing Real-Time Control Applicationsin Distributed Computer Systems

Component-based development has proven effective in many engineering domains, and several general component technologies are available. Most of these are focused on providing an efficient software-engineering process. However for the majority of embedded systems, run-time efficiency and prediction of system behaviour are as important as process efficiency. This calls for specialized technologies. There is even a need for further specialized technologies adapted to different types of embedded systems, due to the heterogeneity of the domain and the close relation between the software and the often very application specific system. This work presents the SaveCCM component model, intended for embedded control applications in vehicular systems. SaveCCM is a simple model in which flexibility is limited to facilitate analysis of real-time and dependability. We present and motivate the model, and provide examples of its use.

/pdf/saveccm-a-component-model-for-safety-critical-real-time-2sbi5b6oey.pdf

Martin Törngren

Papers

Current status and advancement of cyber-physical systems in manufacturing

Timing problems in real-time control systems

Vehicle Applications of Controller Area Network

Fundamentals of Implementing Real-Time Control Applicationsin Distributed Computer Systems

SaveCCM - a component model for safety-critical real-time systems