Martin Volwerk

TL;DR: The Galileo magnetometer measured changes in the magnetic field predicted if a current-carrying outer shell, such as a planet-scale liquid ocean, is present beneath the icy surface of Europa.

TL;DR: In 2000, the Galileo spacecraft passed close to Europa when it was located far south of Jupiter's magnetic equator in a region where the radial component of the magnetospheric magnetic field points inward toward Jupiter as discussed by the authors.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors used the data acquired by the Galileo magnetometer on five passes by Ganymede to characterize the internal magnetic moments through quadrupole order and found that the data were consistent with an inductive response of a good electrical conductor of radius approximately 1.5 km. Although the data do not enable them to establish the presence of an induction response beyond doubt, their favored model gave a good fit to the data using only 4 parameters to describe the internal sources of fields, whereas the equally good dipole plus quadrupoles fit requires 8 parameters.

TL;DR: In this paper, the spatial gradient of high-speed flows in the midtail plasma sheet is determined using multipoint observations from the Cluster spacecraft along the "dawn-dusk" direction (perpendicular to the main flow and in the plane of the tail current sheet) and along the north-south direction.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors used a linear gradient/curl estimator technique to estimate current density and magnetic field curvature within the crossings of the Cluster tetrahedron, which exhibited the tailward passage of an X-line over the cluster.