Recently, problem of wastewater of Sulaimani City emerged which is discharged directly to Tanjero River. Samples were taken from nine outlets of sewer systems for analysis. Results showed the range of temperatures 27–12°C and pH 8.36–6.77, while electrical conductivity is 1689–720 μS/cm, total dissolved solid 1124–480 mg/l, turbidity 240–15 NTU, total hardness 413.1–129.9 mg/l, calcium 144–39.6 mg/l, magnesium 43.2–6.4 mg/l, alkalinity 570–224.2 mg/l, nitrate 51.2–8.7 mg/l, chemical oxygen demand 116–65 mg/l, biochemical oxygen demand 79.5–66.75 mg/l, chloride 253.1–36.8 mg/l, sulfate 141.5–35.9 mg/l, Zn 0.0754–0.0053 mg/l, Cd 0.022–0.0001 mg/l, Cr 0.0421–0.0043 mg/l, Cu 0.0707–0.0014 mg/l, Pb 0.21–0.0064 mg/l, and Fe 0.2421–0.0135 mg/l, and found that the concentrations of most parameters are high at S8, which is an industrial area. For studying the environmental effects of Tanjero River on the inhabitant surrounding, questionnaire was distributed over 31 areas and shows that the regions suffering from health and environmental problems represented about 48% of the areas have chronic diseases, 10% have diarrhea, 10% have typhoid, 10% have skin diseases, 6% have cancer, and others have more than one disease. And most of chronic diseases are diabetes and hypertension. Livestock watering affected on poultry and sheep more than cow and goat as well as extinction of fisheries in the river. Cultivation of vegetables in the areas dropped considerably due to water pollution and fade rice cultivation in the areas. Therefore, building of two wastewater treatment plants with constructing CSO structure with retention basin for stormwater coming from the mountains should be adopted, in addition to pretreatment procedure for industrial wastewater and proper on-site sanitation treatment for those that are not connected to the sewer system.

Impact assessment of wastewater and planning for a treatment plant within Sulaimani City, Iraq

There is lot of research work at enhancing the performance of energy conversion and energy storage devices such as solar cells, supercapacitors, and batteries. In this regard, the low bandgap and a high absorption coefficient of CdSe thin films in the visible region, as well as, the low electrical resistivity make them ideal for the next generation of chalcogenide-based photovoltaic and electrochemical energy storage devices. Here, we present the properties of CdSe thin films synthesized at temperatures (below 100 oC using readily available precursors) that are reproducible, efficient and economical. The samples were characterized using XRD, FTIR, RBS, UV-vis spectroscopy. Annealed samples showed crystalline cubic structure along (111) preferential direction with the grain size of the nanostructures increasing from 2.23 to 4.13 nm with increasing annealing temperatures. The optical properties of the samples indicate a small shift in the bandgap energy, from 2.20 to 2.12 eV with a decreasing deposition temperature. The band gap is suitably located in the visible solar energy region, which make these CdSe thin films ideal for solar energy harvesting. It also has potential to be used in electrochemical energy storage applications.

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Fabrication of Nanostructured Cadmium Selenide Thin Films for Optoelectronics Applications.

Food contamination with heavy metals may pose a serious threat to human health. Fishes are the most common seafood globally. This study aimed to evaluate the levels of heavy metals in different fishes sold in Erbil city markets. The targeted heavy metal elements were cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn). Seventeen dorsal meat samples were digested and subjected to metal analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry. Co, Mn, Cu and Se were detected in all samples, while cadmium was below the detectable level in all samples. The average concentrations of targeted trace elements were 0.03±0.016, 0.02±0.03, 0.07±0.08, 0.10±0.08, 0.03±0.03, and 2.90±3.33 mg/kg for cobalt, chromium, copper, manganese, nickel, and zinc, respectively. Lead was only found in one sample (5.88%). On the contrary, mercury was detected in all samples but in low concentration (0.14±0.07). All detected heavy metals with specified permissible limits by FAO/WHO were significantly lower than the permissible limits. Based on detected levels of targeted heavy metals, consumption of such fish has no potential risks to human.

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Determination of heavy metals and selenium contents in fish meat sold at Erbil City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

Recent research has emphasized on the preparation of metal chalcogenide thin films
such as metal sulfide, metal selenide and metal telluride by using various deposition
techniques. Because of these thin films possess very useful physical properties and could be
found in many technical applications. In this review paper, study of the properties of metal
selenide thin films will be reported.

Metal selenide semiconductor thin films: A review

Using thermal evaporation, thin films of silver-doped CdSe were synthesized on glass bases. A hexagonal structure with a preference orientation along (100) plane according to the X-ray diffraction pattern. The surface topography was determined using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). AFM detects spherical nature nanoparticles and roughness rate of the CdSe thin film decreases and the root mean square decreases with (2 and 4) % doping in silver. As the doping content increase, the optical energy bandgap decrease from 1.85 eV to 1.75 eV. Optical analysis indicates that Ag doping in CdSe results in a redshift in band edge.

Effect of silver-doping on the structural, topography and optical CdSe thin films

Derbendikhan reservoir is located on the south east of Sulaimani province between longitude 35° 6' 35”N and latitude, 45° 41' 20" E, and it is the second largest reservoir in the Iraqi Kurdistan region at an altitude of about 485 m above sea level. More than twenty genera of fishes are endemic to this reservoir, Silurus triostegus is one of them, which was selected to determine the amount of heavy metals that accumulated in the muscle tissue. The results revealed that the metals were accumulated in the following descending order (Fe<Ni <Cu <Cd <Mn) (i.e) Iron have the highest accumulation rate mean of 5.36±16.03 and the Manganese have the lowest rate with the mean of 4.19±.41 and also, the results revealed that the nourishment behavior was played an important role in the accumulation of these elements in the muscle of Silurus triostegus.

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Assessment of some Heavy Metals in Muscle Tissue of Silurus triostegus from Derbendikhan Reservoir, Kurdistan Region –Iraq

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Marwa T. Mahmood

Papers

Assessment of some Heavy Metals in Muscle Tissue of Silurus triostegus from Derbendikhan Reservoir, Kurdistan Region –Iraq

The Optical and Electrical Properties of CdSe Thin Films Prepared by CBD Technique