Recently, problem of wastewater of Sulaimani City emerged which is discharged directly to Tanjero River. Samples were taken from nine outlets of sewer systems for analysis. Results showed the range of temperatures 27–12°C and pH 8.36–6.77, while electrical conductivity is 1689–720 μS/cm, total dissolved solid 1124–480 mg/l, turbidity 240–15 NTU, total hardness 413.1–129.9 mg/l, calcium 144–39.6 mg/l, magnesium 43.2–6.4 mg/l, alkalinity 570–224.2 mg/l, nitrate 51.2–8.7 mg/l, chemical oxygen demand 116–65 mg/l, biochemical oxygen demand 79.5–66.75 mg/l, chloride 253.1–36.8 mg/l, sulfate 141.5–35.9 mg/l, Zn 0.0754–0.0053 mg/l, Cd 0.022–0.0001 mg/l, Cr 0.0421–0.0043 mg/l, Cu 0.0707–0.0014 mg/l, Pb 0.21–0.0064 mg/l, and Fe 0.2421–0.0135 mg/l, and found that the concentrations of most parameters are high at S8, which is an industrial area. For studying the environmental effects of Tanjero River on the inhabitant surrounding, questionnaire was distributed over 31 areas and shows that the regions suffering from health and environmental problems represented about 48% of the areas have chronic diseases, 10% have diarrhea, 10% have typhoid, 10% have skin diseases, 6% have cancer, and others have more than one disease. And most of chronic diseases are diabetes and hypertension. Livestock watering affected on poultry and sheep more than cow and goat as well as extinction of fisheries in the river. Cultivation of vegetables in the areas dropped considerably due to water pollution and fade rice cultivation in the areas. Therefore, building of two wastewater treatment plants with constructing CSO structure with retention basin for stormwater coming from the mountains should be adopted, in addition to pretreatment procedure for industrial wastewater and proper on-site sanitation treatment for those that are not connected to the sewer system.

Impact assessment of wastewater and planning for a treatment plant within Sulaimani City, Iraq

Glucosamine and acetylglucosamine are the constituents of chitosan and chitin natural biopolymers. In the present study, the structure and properties of the D-glucosamine monomer (A), N-acetylglucosamine monomer (B), and ion-molecular adducts with Na + cation have been explored. The equilibrium geometrical structure, vibrational spectra of the species have been determined, using the DFT/B3LYP method with the 6-31G(d) basis set. Larger basis sets up to 6-311++G(d,p) were utilized to compute energies of reactions between Na+ ion and A and B molecules. The exothermicity and spontaneous character of the adducts formation reactions have been confirmed.

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Interactions Between Sodium Ion and Constituents of Chitosan: DFT Study

Food contamination with heavy metals may pose a serious threat to human health. Fishes are the most common seafood globally. This study aimed to evaluate the levels of heavy metals in different fishes sold in Erbil city markets. The targeted heavy metal elements were cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn). Seventeen dorsal meat samples were digested and subjected to metal analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry. Co, Mn, Cu and Se were detected in all samples, while cadmium was below the detectable level in all samples. The average concentrations of targeted trace elements were 0.03±0.016, 0.02±0.03, 0.07±0.08, 0.10±0.08, 0.03±0.03, and 2.90±3.33 mg/kg for cobalt, chromium, copper, manganese, nickel, and zinc, respectively. Lead was only found in one sample (5.88%). On the contrary, mercury was detected in all samples but in low concentration (0.14±0.07). All detected heavy metals with specified permissible limits by FAO/WHO were significantly lower than the permissible limits. Based on detected levels of targeted heavy metals, consumption of such fish has no potential risks to human.

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Determination of heavy metals and selenium contents in fish meat sold at Erbil City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

In this study, fresh fish (Otolithes ruber, Saurida tumbil, Pseudorhombus malayanus, Acanthopagrus latus, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Tenualosa ilisha), imported frozen fish (Megalaspis cordyla, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Labeo rohita and Acanthopagrus latus) and imported canned fish species (sardines, mackerel and tuna) were used to detect and determine some toxic trace elements. All fish samples contained trace elements. The total concentrations mean for Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Co, Cd and Mn were between (1.73-11.93), (8.75-25.80), (ND-3.19), (0.11-0.31), (0.10-0.35), (0.23-3.00) and (0.11-1.86) mg/kg dry weight respectively in muscles of fresh fish, and between (13.21-53.74), (6.61-43.93), (0.35-2.10), (0.37-2.30), (0.20-0.54), (1.503.53) and (0.13-4.50)mg/kg dry weight respectively in the muscles of frozen fish species, and between(21.75-56.30), (5.21-82.84), (0.25-1.51), (0.33-1.96), (0.200.47), (0.51-2.22) and (0.13-0.81) mg/kg dry weight respectively in canned fish . Concentrations average of some trace elements were exceeded the permitted legal limits that set by the Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization.

Determination of some toxic trace elements of fresh, frozen and canned fish species

This study was carried out during the period from Winter 2010 to Winter 2011 to evaluate the concentrations of heavy metals (Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Pb) in tissues of commercially valuable coastal fishes (Talang Queenfish, Scomberoides commersonianus) from Iraqi coastal areas around the Faw Peninsula which receives petrochemical wastes. Thus, it is important to identify the extent of concentrations of heavy metals in fish and consider potential impacts on the food chain and risks to human health. Fe had the highest level of accumulation in the four tissues examined (gill, muscle, liver and gonad) of S. commersonianus whilst Pb had the lowest (p < 0.05). The order of the heavy metal concentrations in the gills, muscles, liver and gonad tissues of S. commersonianus across all the stations was Fe (198.27 μg/g) > Co (21.07 μg/g) > Cu (7.89 μg/g) > Ni (5.43 μg/g) > Pb (1.85 μg/g). This study suggests that additional measures must be taken to monitor waste and ambient water quality, and to prevent contamination of fish for human consumption

Seasonal variations of heavy metal concentrations in tissues of Talang Queenfish (Scomberoides commersonianus) from Iraqi marine and coastal waters, Northwestern Arabian Gulf

Derbendikhan reservoir is located on the south east of Sulaimani province between longitude 35° 6' 35”N and latitude, 45° 41' 20" E, and it is the second largest reservoir in the Iraqi Kurdistan region at an altitude of about 485 m above sea level. More than twenty genera of fishes are endemic to this reservoir, Silurus triostegus is one of them, which was selected to determine the amount of heavy metals that accumulated in the muscle tissue. The results revealed that the metals were accumulated in the following descending order (Fe<Ni <Cu <Cd <Mn) (i.e) Iron have the highest accumulation rate mean of 5.36±16.03 and the Manganese have the lowest rate with the mean of 4.19±.41 and also, the results revealed that the nourishment behavior was played an important role in the accumulation of these elements in the muscle of Silurus triostegus.

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Assessment of some Heavy Metals in Muscle Tissue of Silurus triostegus from Derbendikhan Reservoir, Kurdistan Region –Iraq

Colloid hydrogel spherical core of alginate-chitosan capsules which is used to surround a bovine serum albumin were prepared using coacervation method. The effective physical parameters on porosity or permeability of chitosan-alginate polyions membrane were determined by the manipulation of solution conditions such as pH, ionic strength, and polymer concentration of chitosan. Different pH (3.9, 4.9, 5.9) and different concentrations of chitosan (0.1 g, 0.2 g, 0.3 g) as well as with and without NaCl (0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 %) were used to study the release of bovine serum albumin (BSA, molecular weight= 69,000) in vitro from the capsule prepared from alginate-chitosan blended polymer. The overall diffusion of BSA through the chitosan capsule membrane increased as the pH increased from 3.9 to 5.9. Also, an increase in the concentration of NaCl in the chitosan solution used in the preparation of capsule caused an increase in the diffusion of the protein. In contrast, an increase in the concentration of chitosan solution from 0.1g to 0.3g caused a decrease in diffusion of the proteins.

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Study the Effect of some Physical Parameters on the Diffusion Properties of Prepared Alginate-Chitosan Capsule

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Noha M. Yahya

Papers

Assessment of some Heavy Metals in Muscle Tissue of Silurus triostegus from Derbendikhan Reservoir, Kurdistan Region –Iraq

Study the Effect of some Physical Parameters on the Diffusion Properties of Prepared Alginate-Chitosan Capsule

Effect of Fatty Acids ( Myristic and Palmatic Acids ) on the Rheological Properties and Swelling Power of Sago Starch

Thermodynamic Parameters of Meloxicam Micellization with Span20 at Different Temperature