Wireless indoor positioning systems have become very popular in recent years. These systems have been successfully used in many applications such as asset tracking and inventory management. This paper provides an overview of the existing wireless indoor positioning solutions and attempts to classify different techniques and systems. Three typical location estimation schemes of triangulation, scene analysis, and proximity are analyzed. We also discuss location fingerprinting in detail since it is used in most current system or solutions. We then examine a set of properties by which location systems are evaluated, and apply this evaluation method to survey a number of existing systems. Comprehensive performance comparisons including accuracy, precision, complexity, scalability, robustness, and cost are presented.

Survey of Wireless Indoor Positioning Techniques and Systems

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Table Of Integrals Series And Products

Preface 1. Decision-Theoretic Foundations 1.1 Game Theory, Rationality, and Intelligence 1.2 Basic Concepts of Decision Theory 1.3 Axioms 1.4 The Expected-Utility Maximization Theorem 1.5 Equivalent Representations 1.6 Bayesian Conditional-Probability Systems 1.7 Limitations of the Bayesian Model 1.8 Domination 1.9 Proofs of the Domination Theorems Exercises 2. Basic Models 2.1 Games in Extensive Form 2.2 Strategic Form and the Normal Representation 2.3 Equivalence of Strategic-Form Games 2.4 Reduced Normal Representations 2.5 Elimination of Dominated Strategies 2.6 Multiagent Representations 2.7 Common Knowledge 2.8 Bayesian Games 2.9 Modeling Games with Incomplete Information Exercises 3. Equilibria of Strategic-Form Games 3.1 Domination and Ratonalizability 3.2 Nash Equilibrium 3.3 Computing Nash Equilibria 3.4 Significance of Nash Equilibria 3.5 The Focal-Point Effect 3.6 The Decision-Analytic Approach to Games 3.7 Evolution. Resistance. and Risk Dominance 3.8 Two-Person Zero-Sum Games 3.9 Bayesian Equilibria 3.10 Purification of Randomized Strategies in Equilibria 3.11 Auctions 3.12 Proof of Existence of Equilibrium 3.13 Infinite Strategy Sets Exercises 4. Sequential Equilibria of Extensive-Form Games 4.1 Mixed Strategies and Behavioral Strategies 4.2 Equilibria in Behavioral Strategies 4.3 Sequential Rationality at Information States with Positive Probability 4.4 Consistent Beliefs and Sequential Rationality at All Information States 4.5 Computing Sequential Equilibria 4.6 Subgame-Perfect Equilibria 4.7 Games with Perfect Information 4.8 Adding Chance Events with Small Probability 4.9 Forward Induction 4.10 Voting and Binary Agendas 4.11 Technical Proofs Exercises 5. Refinements of Equilibrium in Strategic Form 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Perfect Equilibria 5.3 Existence of Perfect and Sequential Equilibria 5.4 Proper Equilibria 5.5 Persistent Equilibria 5.6 Stable Sets 01 Equilibria 5.7 Generic Properties 5.8 Conclusions Exercises 6. Games with Communication 6.1 Contracts and Correlated Strategies 6.2 Correlated Equilibria 6.3 Bayesian Games with Communication 6.4 Bayesian Collective-Choice Problems and Bayesian Bargaining Problems 6.5 Trading Problems with Linear Utility 6.6 General Participation Constraints for Bayesian Games with Contracts 6.7 Sender-Receiver Games 6.8 Acceptable and Predominant Correlated Equilibria 6.9 Communication in Extensive-Form and Multistage Games Exercises Bibliographic Note 7. Repeated Games 7.1 The Repeated Prisoners Dilemma 7.2 A General Model of Repeated Garnet 7.3 Stationary Equilibria of Repeated Games with Complete State Information and Discounting 7.4 Repeated Games with Standard Information: Examples 7.5 General Feasibility Theorems for Standard Repeated Games 7.6 Finitely Repeated Games and the Role of Initial Doubt 7.7 Imperfect Observability of Moves 7.8 Repeated Wines in Large Decentralized Groups 7.9 Repeated Games with Incomplete Information 7.10 Continuous Time 7.11 Evolutionary Simulation of Repeated Games Exercises 8. Bargaining and Cooperation in Two-Person Games 8.1 Noncooperative Foundations of Cooperative Game Theory 8.2 Two-Person Bargaining Problems and the Nash Bargaining Solution 8.3 Interpersonal Comparisons of Weighted Utility 8.4 Transferable Utility 8.5 Rational Threats 8.6 Other Bargaining Solutions 8.7 An Alternating-Offer Bargaining Game 8.8 An Alternating-Offer Game with Incomplete Information 8.9 A Discrete Alternating-Offer Game 8.10 Renegotiation Exercises 9. Coalitions in Cooperative Games 9.1 Introduction to Coalitional Analysis 9.2 Characteristic Functions with Transferable Utility 9.3 The Core 9.4 The Shapkey Value 9.5 Values with Cooperation Structures 9.6 Other Solution Concepts 9.7 Colational Games with Nontransferable Utility 9.8 Cores without Transferable Utility 9.9 Values without Transferable Utility Exercises Bibliographic Note 10. Cooperation under Uncertainty 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Concepts of Efficiency 10.3 An Example 10.4 Ex Post Inefficiency and Subsequent Oilers 10.5 Computing Incentive-Efficient Mechanisms 10.6 Inscrutability and Durability 10.7 Mechanism Selection by an Informed Principal 10.8 Neutral Bargaining Solutions 10.9 Dynamic Matching Processes with Incomplete Information Exercises Bibliography Index

博弈论 : 矛盾冲突分析 = Game theory : analysis of conflict

where A represents the magnetic vector potential, is an integral of the hydromagnetic equations. This -integral made it possible to formulate a variational principle for the force-free magnetic fields. The integral expresses the fact that motions cannot transform a given field in an entirely arbitrary different field, if the conductivity of the medium isconsidered infinite. In this paper we shall show that the full set of hydromagnetic equations admit five more integrals, besides the energy integral, if dissipative processes are absent. These integrals, as we shall presently verify, are I2 =fbHvdV, (2)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Mobile edge computing (MEC) is an emergent architecture where cloud computing services are extended to the edge of networks leveraging mobile base stations. As a promising edge technology, it can be applied to mobile, wireless, and wireline scenarios, using software and hardware platforms, located at the network edge in the vicinity of end-users. MEC provides seamless integration of multiple application service providers and vendors toward mobile subscribers, enterprises, and other vertical segments. It is an important component in the 5G architecture which supports variety of innovative applications and services where ultralow latency is required. This paper is aimed to present a comprehensive survey of relevant research and technological developments in the area of MEC. It provides the definition of MEC, its advantages, architectures, and application areas; where we in particular highlight related research and future directions. Finally, security and privacy issues and related existing solutions are also discussed.

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Mobile Edge Computing: A Survey

Effective capacity (EC) determines the maximum communication rate subject to a particular delay constraint. In this paper, we analyze the EC of ultra reliable machine type communication networks operating in the finite blocklength regime. First, we present a closed form approximation for EC in quasi-static Rayleigh fading channels. Our analysis determines the upper bounds for EC and delay constraint when varying transmission power. Finally, we characterize the power-delay tradeoff for fixed EC and propose an optimum power allocation scheme which exploits the asymptotic behavior of EC in the high SNR regime. The results illustrate that the proposed scheme provides significant power saving with a negligible loss in EC.

/pdf/effective-capacity-and-power-allocation-for-machine-type-h776vn8p7g.pdf

Effective Capacity and Power Allocation for Machine-Type Communication

Owing to severe path loss and unreliable transmission over a long distance at higher frequency bands, we investigate the problem of path selection and rate allocation for multi-hop self-backhaul millimeter wave (mmWave) networks. Enabling multi-hop mmWave transmissions raises a potential issue of increased latency, and thus, in this work we aim at addressing the fundamental questions: how to select the best multi-hop paths and how to allocate rates over these paths subject to latency constraints? In this regard, we propose a new system design, which exploits multiple antenna diversity, mmWave bandwidth, and traffic splitting techniques to improve the downlink transmission. The studied problem is cast as a network utility maximization, subject to an upper delay bound constraint, network stability, and network dynamics. By leveraging stochastic optimization, the problem is decoupled into: path selection and rate allocation sub-problems, whereby a framework which selects the best paths is proposed using reinforcement learning techniques. Moreover, the rate allocation is a nonconvex program, which is converted into a convex one by using the successive convex approximation method. Via mathematical analysis, we provide a comprehensive performance analysis and convergence proofs for the proposed solution. Numerical results show that our approach ensures reliable communication with a guaranteed probability of up to $99.9999\%$, and reduces latency by $50.64\%$ and $92.9\%$ as compared to baseline models. Furthermore, the results showcase the key trade-off between latency and network arrival rate.

/pdf/joint-path-selection-and-rate-allocation-framework-for-5g-z063zstlou.pdf

Joint Path Selection and Rate Allocation Framework for 5G Self-Backhauled mmWave Networks

In this paper, assuming a bidirectional network, the performance of two-way half-duplex (HD) relaying systems based on physical-layer network coding is compared with one-way full-duplex (FD) relaying schemes. Specifically, the outage probability and system throughput of the considered schemes are investigated. Our results show that unidirectional FD relaying can outperform bidirectional HD relaying, even in the presence of self-interference at the FD relay.

On the performance of two-way half-duplex and one-way full-duplex relaying

Linear minimum mean squared error (LMMSE) criterion can be used to obtain near-far resistant receivers in direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systems. The standard version of the LMMSE receiver minimizes the mean squared error between the filter output and the true transmitted data sequence. Since the detector depends on the channel coefficients of all users, it cannot be implemented adaptively in fading channels due to severe convergence problems. In this paper, a modified criterion for deriving LMMSE receivers in fading channels is presented. The modified LMMSE receiver is independent from the users' complex channel coefficients. The performance of the LMMSE receivers in fading channels is studied via computer simulations and numerical analysis. The results show that the modified LMMSE receiver has remarkably larger capacity than the conventional RAKE receiver at the SNRs of practical interest.

Modified LMMSE receiver for DS-CDMA-Part I. Performance analysis and adaptive implementations

Mobility management in small cell networks is of utmost importance, and is currently under study in 3GPP Release-12. In this article, we model and analyze the outbound handover failure probability in small cell networks, in which a given user crosses its serving cell coverage border before his time-to-trigger elapses, without connecting to his target base station. Using tools from stochastic geometry, a closed-form expression of the handover link failure probability is characterized, as a function of shadowed channel fading, hysteresis margin, time-to-trigger, users' velocity and traveled distances. Numerical results show the effectiveness of the proposed analytical model and provide key insights into the problem of mobility management.

Matti Latva-aho

Papers

Effective Capacity and Power Allocation for Machine-Type Communication

Joint Path Selection and Rate Allocation Framework for 5G Self-Backhauled mmWave Networks

On the performance of two-way half-duplex and one-way full-duplex relaying

Modified LMMSE receiver for DS-CDMA-Part I. Performance analysis and adaptive implementations

Modeling and analysis of handover failure probability in small cell networks