Wireless indoor positioning systems have become very popular in recent years. These systems have been successfully used in many applications such as asset tracking and inventory management. This paper provides an overview of the existing wireless indoor positioning solutions and attempts to classify different techniques and systems. Three typical location estimation schemes of triangulation, scene analysis, and proximity are analyzed. We also discuss location fingerprinting in detail since it is used in most current system or solutions. We then examine a set of properties by which location systems are evaluated, and apply this evaluation method to survey a number of existing systems. Comprehensive performance comparisons including accuracy, precision, complexity, scalability, robustness, and cost are presented.

Survey of Wireless Indoor Positioning Techniques and Systems

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Table Of Integrals Series And Products

Preface 1. Decision-Theoretic Foundations 1.1 Game Theory, Rationality, and Intelligence 1.2 Basic Concepts of Decision Theory 1.3 Axioms 1.4 The Expected-Utility Maximization Theorem 1.5 Equivalent Representations 1.6 Bayesian Conditional-Probability Systems 1.7 Limitations of the Bayesian Model 1.8 Domination 1.9 Proofs of the Domination Theorems Exercises 2. Basic Models 2.1 Games in Extensive Form 2.2 Strategic Form and the Normal Representation 2.3 Equivalence of Strategic-Form Games 2.4 Reduced Normal Representations 2.5 Elimination of Dominated Strategies 2.6 Multiagent Representations 2.7 Common Knowledge 2.8 Bayesian Games 2.9 Modeling Games with Incomplete Information Exercises 3. Equilibria of Strategic-Form Games 3.1 Domination and Ratonalizability 3.2 Nash Equilibrium 3.3 Computing Nash Equilibria 3.4 Significance of Nash Equilibria 3.5 The Focal-Point Effect 3.6 The Decision-Analytic Approach to Games 3.7 Evolution. Resistance. and Risk Dominance 3.8 Two-Person Zero-Sum Games 3.9 Bayesian Equilibria 3.10 Purification of Randomized Strategies in Equilibria 3.11 Auctions 3.12 Proof of Existence of Equilibrium 3.13 Infinite Strategy Sets Exercises 4. Sequential Equilibria of Extensive-Form Games 4.1 Mixed Strategies and Behavioral Strategies 4.2 Equilibria in Behavioral Strategies 4.3 Sequential Rationality at Information States with Positive Probability 4.4 Consistent Beliefs and Sequential Rationality at All Information States 4.5 Computing Sequential Equilibria 4.6 Subgame-Perfect Equilibria 4.7 Games with Perfect Information 4.8 Adding Chance Events with Small Probability 4.9 Forward Induction 4.10 Voting and Binary Agendas 4.11 Technical Proofs Exercises 5. Refinements of Equilibrium in Strategic Form 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Perfect Equilibria 5.3 Existence of Perfect and Sequential Equilibria 5.4 Proper Equilibria 5.5 Persistent Equilibria 5.6 Stable Sets 01 Equilibria 5.7 Generic Properties 5.8 Conclusions Exercises 6. Games with Communication 6.1 Contracts and Correlated Strategies 6.2 Correlated Equilibria 6.3 Bayesian Games with Communication 6.4 Bayesian Collective-Choice Problems and Bayesian Bargaining Problems 6.5 Trading Problems with Linear Utility 6.6 General Participation Constraints for Bayesian Games with Contracts 6.7 Sender-Receiver Games 6.8 Acceptable and Predominant Correlated Equilibria 6.9 Communication in Extensive-Form and Multistage Games Exercises Bibliographic Note 7. Repeated Games 7.1 The Repeated Prisoners Dilemma 7.2 A General Model of Repeated Garnet 7.3 Stationary Equilibria of Repeated Games with Complete State Information and Discounting 7.4 Repeated Games with Standard Information: Examples 7.5 General Feasibility Theorems for Standard Repeated Games 7.6 Finitely Repeated Games and the Role of Initial Doubt 7.7 Imperfect Observability of Moves 7.8 Repeated Wines in Large Decentralized Groups 7.9 Repeated Games with Incomplete Information 7.10 Continuous Time 7.11 Evolutionary Simulation of Repeated Games Exercises 8. Bargaining and Cooperation in Two-Person Games 8.1 Noncooperative Foundations of Cooperative Game Theory 8.2 Two-Person Bargaining Problems and the Nash Bargaining Solution 8.3 Interpersonal Comparisons of Weighted Utility 8.4 Transferable Utility 8.5 Rational Threats 8.6 Other Bargaining Solutions 8.7 An Alternating-Offer Bargaining Game 8.8 An Alternating-Offer Game with Incomplete Information 8.9 A Discrete Alternating-Offer Game 8.10 Renegotiation Exercises 9. Coalitions in Cooperative Games 9.1 Introduction to Coalitional Analysis 9.2 Characteristic Functions with Transferable Utility 9.3 The Core 9.4 The Shapkey Value 9.5 Values with Cooperation Structures 9.6 Other Solution Concepts 9.7 Colational Games with Nontransferable Utility 9.8 Cores without Transferable Utility 9.9 Values without Transferable Utility Exercises Bibliographic Note 10. Cooperation under Uncertainty 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Concepts of Efficiency 10.3 An Example 10.4 Ex Post Inefficiency and Subsequent Oilers 10.5 Computing Incentive-Efficient Mechanisms 10.6 Inscrutability and Durability 10.7 Mechanism Selection by an Informed Principal 10.8 Neutral Bargaining Solutions 10.9 Dynamic Matching Processes with Incomplete Information Exercises Bibliography Index

博弈论 : 矛盾冲突分析 = Game theory : analysis of conflict

where A represents the magnetic vector potential, is an integral of the hydromagnetic equations. This -integral made it possible to formulate a variational principle for the force-free magnetic fields. The integral expresses the fact that motions cannot transform a given field in an entirely arbitrary different field, if the conductivity of the medium isconsidered infinite. In this paper we shall show that the full set of hydromagnetic equations admit five more integrals, besides the energy integral, if dissipative processes are absent. These integrals, as we shall presently verify, are I2 =fbHvdV, (2)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Mobile edge computing (MEC) is an emergent architecture where cloud computing services are extended to the edge of networks leveraging mobile base stations. As a promising edge technology, it can be applied to mobile, wireless, and wireline scenarios, using software and hardware platforms, located at the network edge in the vicinity of end-users. MEC provides seamless integration of multiple application service providers and vendors toward mobile subscribers, enterprises, and other vertical segments. It is an important component in the 5G architecture which supports variety of innovative applications and services where ultralow latency is required. This paper is aimed to present a comprehensive survey of relevant research and technological developments in the area of MEC. It provides the definition of MEC, its advantages, architectures, and application areas; where we in particular highlight related research and future directions. Finally, security and privacy issues and related existing solutions are also discussed.

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Mobile Edge Computing: A Survey

Recently, the Federal Communications Commission has proposed to create Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) with the three-tier spectrum sharing system to release more spectrum for the mobile broadband usage in the United States. At the moment, the Wireless Innovation Forum is involved in defining the operational and functional requirements for this framework based on [1], and also in standardizations. Evidently, the successful operation of this system depends on efficient channel allocation algorithms. In this paper, we consider the CBRS with the three-tier spectrum sharing system. A set of CBRS users, i.e., Priority Access License (PAL) and General Authorized Access (GAA) users are located in an area, which is divided into multiple census tracts. The PAL and GAA users request frequency channels from the spectrum access system (SAS). The role of the SAS is to allocate channels to these two types of users while providing interference protection to the incumbent users. For this setup, we consider the problem of channel allocation for PAL and GAA users. The objective is to allocate channels for these two types of users, while considering the channel allocation rules proposed in [1]. For this problem, we propose a channel allocation algorithm to be used by the SAS. The proposed algorithm allocates channels to the CBRS users in two steps: 1) allocate channels to the PAL users and 2) allocate channel to the GAA users. Numerically, we show that the proposed algorithm is able to allocate channels while satisfying the rules proposed in [1]. More importantly, this research provides new insights on investigating channel allocation algorithms in CBRS/SAS.

/pdf/a-channel-allocation-algorithm-for-citizens-broadband-radio-4gs6l6inbb.pdf

A channel allocation algorithm for Citizens Broadband Radio Service/Spectrum Access System

The most widely used delay estimators in DS-CDMA receivers are based on the delay-locked loops (DLL). In a coherent RAKE receiver the complex channel coefficient estimate can be used to attain the phase coherency in DLL and the effect of data modulation can be removed via decision feedback. The resulting algorithms are called quasi-coherent delay-locked loops (QCDLL). The performance of four variations for QCDLLs based on lead-lag phase-locked loops has been analyzed by computer simulations. All the loops performed satisfactorily in a fading channel, but the quasi-coherent sample-correlate-choose-largest (QCSCCL) loop had 5-6 dB better performance than the other schemes.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel3/4268/12241/00563818.pdf

Quasi-coherent delay-locked loops for fading channels

To protect radar receivers and to facilitate shared access in radar bands, regulatory bodies have recommended the use of spectrum monitoring devices called environmental sensing capability (ESC). High-speed and low-cost ESC devices are required to process in real time the large amount of data (in-phase and quadrature samples) for the detection of radar signals and to differentiate them from secondary users (SUs) signals. In this paper, we present a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based design and implementation of a multifunction ESC device that can detect radar pulses and can also differentiate them from SU signals in microsecond time scales. The proposed ESC device performs the following tasks in parallel: 1) it detects and differentiates between radar and SU signals; 2) it measures received signal strength from SUs for radar protection; and 3) it also measures SUs’ airtime utilization (ATU) in a channel, which can be used to perform load balancing (based on ATU) of SUs on different channels for efficient access. Detection of signals requires threshold setting. We present a novel minimum-based threshold setting technique, which is suitable for real-time operation of energy detectors. We implement a prototype of the proposed ESC device design on a Wireless Open-Access Research Platform node, which is equipped with a Xilinx FPGA. We evaluate the performance of the implemented device and show that with very high probability (close to 100%), it detects and differentiates between radar and SU signals. Moreover, it also accurately measures the ATU of SUs.

/pdf/an-fpga-based-implementation-of-a-multifunction-environment-3tll7o547w.pdf

An FPGA-Based Implementation of a Multifunction Environment Sensing Device for Shared Access With Rotating Radars

We model the problem of infrastructure sharing among mobile network operators (MNOs) as a multiple-seller single-buyer market where the MNOs are able to share their own base stations (BSs) with each other. First, we use techniques from stochastic geometry to find the coverage probability of the infrastructure sharing system and analyze the trade-off between increasing the transmit power of a BS and the BS intensity of a buyer MNO required to achieve a given quality-of-service (QoS) in terms of the coverage probability. We show that when the transmit power of the BSs and/or the BS intensity of a network increases, the system becomes interference limited and the coverage probability tends to saturate at a certain value. As such, when the required QoS is set above this bound, an MNO can improve its coverage by buying infrastructure from other MNOs. Subsequently, we analyze the strategy of a buyer MNO on choosing how many MNOs and which MNOs to buy the infrastructure from. The optimal strategy of the buyer is given by greedy fractional knapsack algorithm. On the sellers' side, the pricing problem and the problem of determining the fraction of infrastructure to be sold are formulated using a Cournot oligopoly game.

/pdf/inter-operator-infrastructure-sharing-trade-offs-and-market-1gstghajrh.pdf

Inter-operator infrastructure sharing: Trade-offs and market

This paper investigates the performance of dual-hop full-duplex relaying schemes subject to co-channel interference (CCI) and noise. In our analysis, two main scenarios are considered: in the first scenario, the link between the source and destination is seen as interference and, in the second one, it is seen as useful information. In both schemes, the effect of self-interference at the relay is taken into account. Accurate, closed- form expressions for the outage probability are derived for the general case, in which CCI and noise are assumed at both the relay and destination. The derived expressions allow for independent non-identically distributed Nakagami-m fading. Based on these expressions, special cases (but, yet new) assuming CCI only at the relay and assuming CCI only at the destination are examined. It is shown that CCI at the relay is more harmful for the system performance than CCI at the destination.

Matti Latva-aho

Papers

A channel allocation algorithm for Citizens Broadband Radio Service/Spectrum Access System

Quasi-coherent delay-locked loops for fading channels

An FPGA-Based Implementation of a Multifunction Environment Sensing Device for Shared Access With Rotating Radars

Inter-operator infrastructure sharing: Trade-offs and market

Full-Duplex Relaying Systems Subject to Co-Channel Interference and Noise in Nakagami-m Fading