Wireless indoor positioning systems have become very popular in recent years. These systems have been successfully used in many applications such as asset tracking and inventory management. This paper provides an overview of the existing wireless indoor positioning solutions and attempts to classify different techniques and systems. Three typical location estimation schemes of triangulation, scene analysis, and proximity are analyzed. We also discuss location fingerprinting in detail since it is used in most current system or solutions. We then examine a set of properties by which location systems are evaluated, and apply this evaluation method to survey a number of existing systems. Comprehensive performance comparisons including accuracy, precision, complexity, scalability, robustness, and cost are presented.

Survey of Wireless Indoor Positioning Techniques and Systems

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Table Of Integrals Series And Products

Preface 1. Decision-Theoretic Foundations 1.1 Game Theory, Rationality, and Intelligence 1.2 Basic Concepts of Decision Theory 1.3 Axioms 1.4 The Expected-Utility Maximization Theorem 1.5 Equivalent Representations 1.6 Bayesian Conditional-Probability Systems 1.7 Limitations of the Bayesian Model 1.8 Domination 1.9 Proofs of the Domination Theorems Exercises 2. Basic Models 2.1 Games in Extensive Form 2.2 Strategic Form and the Normal Representation 2.3 Equivalence of Strategic-Form Games 2.4 Reduced Normal Representations 2.5 Elimination of Dominated Strategies 2.6 Multiagent Representations 2.7 Common Knowledge 2.8 Bayesian Games 2.9 Modeling Games with Incomplete Information Exercises 3. Equilibria of Strategic-Form Games 3.1 Domination and Ratonalizability 3.2 Nash Equilibrium 3.3 Computing Nash Equilibria 3.4 Significance of Nash Equilibria 3.5 The Focal-Point Effect 3.6 The Decision-Analytic Approach to Games 3.7 Evolution. Resistance. and Risk Dominance 3.8 Two-Person Zero-Sum Games 3.9 Bayesian Equilibria 3.10 Purification of Randomized Strategies in Equilibria 3.11 Auctions 3.12 Proof of Existence of Equilibrium 3.13 Infinite Strategy Sets Exercises 4. Sequential Equilibria of Extensive-Form Games 4.1 Mixed Strategies and Behavioral Strategies 4.2 Equilibria in Behavioral Strategies 4.3 Sequential Rationality at Information States with Positive Probability 4.4 Consistent Beliefs and Sequential Rationality at All Information States 4.5 Computing Sequential Equilibria 4.6 Subgame-Perfect Equilibria 4.7 Games with Perfect Information 4.8 Adding Chance Events with Small Probability 4.9 Forward Induction 4.10 Voting and Binary Agendas 4.11 Technical Proofs Exercises 5. Refinements of Equilibrium in Strategic Form 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Perfect Equilibria 5.3 Existence of Perfect and Sequential Equilibria 5.4 Proper Equilibria 5.5 Persistent Equilibria 5.6 Stable Sets 01 Equilibria 5.7 Generic Properties 5.8 Conclusions Exercises 6. Games with Communication 6.1 Contracts and Correlated Strategies 6.2 Correlated Equilibria 6.3 Bayesian Games with Communication 6.4 Bayesian Collective-Choice Problems and Bayesian Bargaining Problems 6.5 Trading Problems with Linear Utility 6.6 General Participation Constraints for Bayesian Games with Contracts 6.7 Sender-Receiver Games 6.8 Acceptable and Predominant Correlated Equilibria 6.9 Communication in Extensive-Form and Multistage Games Exercises Bibliographic Note 7. Repeated Games 7.1 The Repeated Prisoners Dilemma 7.2 A General Model of Repeated Garnet 7.3 Stationary Equilibria of Repeated Games with Complete State Information and Discounting 7.4 Repeated Games with Standard Information: Examples 7.5 General Feasibility Theorems for Standard Repeated Games 7.6 Finitely Repeated Games and the Role of Initial Doubt 7.7 Imperfect Observability of Moves 7.8 Repeated Wines in Large Decentralized Groups 7.9 Repeated Games with Incomplete Information 7.10 Continuous Time 7.11 Evolutionary Simulation of Repeated Games Exercises 8. Bargaining and Cooperation in Two-Person Games 8.1 Noncooperative Foundations of Cooperative Game Theory 8.2 Two-Person Bargaining Problems and the Nash Bargaining Solution 8.3 Interpersonal Comparisons of Weighted Utility 8.4 Transferable Utility 8.5 Rational Threats 8.6 Other Bargaining Solutions 8.7 An Alternating-Offer Bargaining Game 8.8 An Alternating-Offer Game with Incomplete Information 8.9 A Discrete Alternating-Offer Game 8.10 Renegotiation Exercises 9. Coalitions in Cooperative Games 9.1 Introduction to Coalitional Analysis 9.2 Characteristic Functions with Transferable Utility 9.3 The Core 9.4 The Shapkey Value 9.5 Values with Cooperation Structures 9.6 Other Solution Concepts 9.7 Colational Games with Nontransferable Utility 9.8 Cores without Transferable Utility 9.9 Values without Transferable Utility Exercises Bibliographic Note 10. Cooperation under Uncertainty 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Concepts of Efficiency 10.3 An Example 10.4 Ex Post Inefficiency and Subsequent Oilers 10.5 Computing Incentive-Efficient Mechanisms 10.6 Inscrutability and Durability 10.7 Mechanism Selection by an Informed Principal 10.8 Neutral Bargaining Solutions 10.9 Dynamic Matching Processes with Incomplete Information Exercises Bibliography Index

博弈论 : 矛盾冲突分析 = Game theory : analysis of conflict

where A represents the magnetic vector potential, is an integral of the hydromagnetic equations. This -integral made it possible to formulate a variational principle for the force-free magnetic fields. The integral expresses the fact that motions cannot transform a given field in an entirely arbitrary different field, if the conductivity of the medium isconsidered infinite. In this paper we shall show that the full set of hydromagnetic equations admit five more integrals, besides the energy integral, if dissipative processes are absent. These integrals, as we shall presently verify, are I2 =fbHvdV, (2)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Mobile edge computing (MEC) is an emergent architecture where cloud computing services are extended to the edge of networks leveraging mobile base stations. As a promising edge technology, it can be applied to mobile, wireless, and wireline scenarios, using software and hardware platforms, located at the network edge in the vicinity of end-users. MEC provides seamless integration of multiple application service providers and vendors toward mobile subscribers, enterprises, and other vertical segments. It is an important component in the 5G architecture which supports variety of innovative applications and services where ultralow latency is required. This paper is aimed to present a comprehensive survey of relevant research and technological developments in the area of MEC. It provides the definition of MEC, its advantages, architectures, and application areas; where we in particular highlight related research and future directions. Finally, security and privacy issues and related existing solutions are also discussed.

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Mobile Edge Computing: A Survey

This paper examines the related issues of capacity, coverage and power control in a multi-cell WCDMA network. The analysis is presented for the forward link. The analysis is based on extended models used for IS-95 systems which rely on Gaussian assumptions of interference. The analytical models presented and evaluated give an insight into the effects of varying traffic types, different allowances for signal to interference ratio (SIR) targets and mixed traffic.

Capacity and coverage in mixed traffic UMTS CDMA systems

Different transceiver processing methods are considered for filter bank multicarrier (FBMC) multiple access MIMO system. FBMC is considered a contender as an access method for 5G due to better spectral properties without the loss of data rate incurred by the presence of cyclic prefix in comparison to OFDM. Flexible spectrum utilization and possibility of using different pulse shapes for a variety of scenarios make it an attractive option. However, the main challenge in FBMC systems is the presence of intersymbol interference (ISI) and inter-carrier inteference (ICI). This makes the receiver performance to be degraded without suitable methods to mitigate those effects especially in the case of MIMO systems where there is a significant need for further investigation. We consider synchronous uplink and downlink multiple access with different processing techniques to alleviate interference. Results show that for the uplink we need to employ forward error correction in addition to receiver processing to obtain acceptable performance levels. With channel state and all users information available, the downlink produces better bit error rates (BER) comparatively.

Precoding and Receiver Processing for Multiple Access MIMO FBMC Systems

Interference is usually viewed as an obstacle for any communication network. In this paper, performance of an amplify-and-forward (AF) relay network is analyzed when interference is present at the relay. It is assumed that no obstacles are located between interferes and the relay, thus line-of-sight (LOS) interference is possible. We consider the general case of distributed interferers with arbitrary power. To evaluate the performance, we derive the exact closed form expression for outage probability and a tight bound to the average symbol error rate (SER). In order to understand the depth of the system performance, we analyze the system in high signal to noise ratio (SNR) and derive simple asymptotic results for outage probability and average SER. Monte Carlo simulations are performed to verify the analytical results.

Effects of Line-of-Sight Interference on the Performance of Amplify-and-Forward Relay Network

Linear minimum mean squared error (LMMSE) criterion can be used to obtain near-far resistant single-user receivers in direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systems. A modified version of the receiver, called the LMMSE-RAKE receiver, has previously shown promising performance in frequency-selective fading channels. In this paper, both the convergence and BER performance of an adaptive LMMSE-RAKE receiver is compared to several other known blind adaptive single-user receivers. The results show that the proposed blind adaptive receiver can be used to improve the convergence and BER performance in comparison to other known blind adaptive receivers.

Blind adaptive single-user receivers for DS-CDMA systems in frequency-selective fading channels

In this paper we investigate the effect of interference caused by in-band full-duplex radios in device-to-device communication (D2D). While using full-duplex radios in D2D, both users transmit, compared to half-duplex D2D in which one user transmits. This is going to cause more interference in underlay D2D communication since D2D link operates on the same radio resource blocks as cellular users. We consider uplink radio resource reuse of cellular users by D2D communication, and try to maximize the number of possible D2D links constrained to the interference on the cellular user. The number of D2D pairs that can be active in the full-duplex mode is smaller than in the half-duplex mode due to more interference from transmissions of both D2D nodes. We compare the total rate of half-duplex and full-duplex modes and evaluate the benefits of full-duplex radios.

Matti Latva-aho

Papers

Capacity and coverage in mixed traffic UMTS CDMA systems

Precoding and Receiver Processing for Multiple Access MIMO FBMC Systems

Effects of Line-of-Sight Interference on the Performance of Amplify-and-Forward Relay Network

Blind adaptive single-user receivers for DS-CDMA systems in frequency-selective fading channels

Effect of interference of full-duplex transmissions in underlay device-to-device communication