Singular Integral Equations. By N.I. Muskhelishvili. Translated fromthe 2nd Russian edition by J.R.M. Radok. Pp. 447. F1. 28.50. 1953. (Noordhoff, Groningen)

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A User’s Guide

The validity of the cubic law for laminar flow of fluids through open fractures consisting of parallel planar plates has been established by others over a wide range of conditions with apertures ranging down to a minimum of 0.2 µm. The law may be given in simplified form by Q/Δh = C(2b)3, where Q is the flow rate, Δh is the difference in hydraulic head, C is a constant that depends on the flow geometry and fluid properties, and 2b is the fracture aperture. The validity of this law for flow in a closed fracture where the surfaces are in contact and the aperture is being decreased under stress has been investigated at room temperature by using homogeneous samples of granite, basalt, and marble. Tension fractures were artificially induced, and the laboratory setup used radial as well as straight flow geometries. Apertures ranged from 250 down to 4µm, which was the minimum size that could be attained under a normal stress of 20 MPa. The cubic law was found to be valid whether the fracture surfaces were held open or were being closed under stress, and the results are not dependent on rock type. Permeability was uniquely defined by fracture aperture and was independent of the stress history used in these investigations. The effects of deviations from the ideal parallel plate concept only cause an apparent reduction in flow and may be incorporated into the cubic law by replacing C by C/ƒ. The factor ƒ varied from 1.04 to 1.65 in these investigations. The model of a fracture that is being closed under normal stress is visualized as being controlled by the strength of the asperities that are in contact. These contact areas are able to withstand significant stresses while maintaining space for fluids to continue to flow as the fracture aperture decreases. The controlling factor is the magnitude of the aperture, and since flow depends on (2b)3, a slight change in aperture evidently can easily dominate any other change in the geometry of the flow field. Thus one does not see any noticeable shift in the correlations of our experimental results in passing from a condition where the fracture surfaces were held open to one where the surfaces were being closed under stress.

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VALIDITY OF CUBIC LAW FOR FLUID FLOW IN A DEFORMABLE ROCK FRACTURE - eScholarship

The flow of homogeneous fluids through porous media: analogies with other physical problems

The present invention relates to engineered multivalent and multispecific binding proteins, methods of making, and specifically to their uses in the prevention, diagnosis, and/or treatment of disease.

Dual variable domain immunoglobulins and uses thereof

Kuh-e-Mond heavy oil field is the largest onshore naturally fractured heavy oil carbonate field in Iran with a resource base of 6-10 Bb OOIP. The heavy oil is found in two formations with oil viscosities of 570-1160 cP in situ. Having a clear picture of the natural fracture fabric of the reservoir will help petroleum engineers and development geologists to determining orientation and flow characteristics of the dominant fracture sets in order to optimize production well placement. In this article, results from fractured media investigations using the Side View Seismic Location (SVSL) method are presented. The SVSL results indicate a transversely oriented zone of minimum values of open fracturing in the NW part of the field, which separates the field into two isolated blocks. The SE part is characterized by a high concentration of abnormally fractured zones and is considered to be the most promising area for primary field development. Based on this study a number of suitable locations for production well placement are proposed. Also, implementing proper down-hole operations in some of the existing wells are recommended to further assess the fabric and arrive at a development strategy.

Side View Seismic Location method helps fracture characterization in a giant fractured carbonate heavy oil field in Iran

A new approach is presented to model borehole stresses in anisotropic stress fields in non-linear rocks. The numerical approach combines a rapid algorithm based on the new complex hypersingular equation for piece-wise homogeneous media with a circular opening. Also, a special technique of obtaining input data from a series of triaxial compression tests is introduced.

https://www.witpress.com/Secure/elibrary/papers/BT99/BT99014FU.pdf

Application Of Complex Variables Boundary Element Method To Modeling Borehole Stresses In Anisotropic Stress Field In Non-linear Rocks

Hydrogen (H2) storage, transport, and end-user provision are major challenges on pathways to worldwide large-scale H2 use. This review examines direct versus indirect and onboard versus offboard H2 storage. Direct H2 storage methods include compressed gas, liquid, and cryo-compression; and indirect methods include physical and chemical adsorption and chemical carriers. In this review paper, we examine these different systems, identifying and discussing challenges related to safe and efficient storage, operating conditions, and applications. Research and development activities related to the economic, safety, and environmental aspects of H2 storage and transportation in North America are also examined in detail. Technically, pressurized H2 storage tanks (350 and 700 bar) have not reached the technical onboard applications target of 0.050 kgH2/L, where tanks' mass, size, and price are critical limiting factors. High specific energy consumption (SEC) and inevitable boil-off H2 losses in liquefaction systems reduce their performance. H2 liquefaction plants can be considered an efficient method for hydrogen storage by reducing energy consumption to less than 6 kWh/kgLH2 and increasing the capacity of liquefaction systems more than 100 t/day. Various studies are ongoing despite the drawbacks of the irreversibility of H2 adsorption/desorption operations (100–400 ˚C), successive cooling and heating cycles, and slow refueling in synthesized metal hydride (MH) systems. Insights and recommendations for H2 storage and transportation in North America suggest short-, medium-, and long-term strategies. Short-term scenarios focus on compressed H2 in light and heavy vehicles, energy consumption reduction in the provision of liquefied H2 for ship and truck transport, and using existing natural gas (NG) transmission infrastructures for H2/NG mixtures (5–20 vol%). Medium-term scenarios address high-volume H2 storage for stationary applications using compressed gas storage in upstream and underground tanks, liquid storage in large, insulated tanks, and higher purity H2 transfer in NG pipelines. Long-term scenarios focus on large-volume subsurface geological storage and basement space use. Additionally, various standards and codes for H2 storage technologies in North America are categorized. 

Hydrogen Storage in North America: Status, Prospects, and Challenges

Study of dynamic properties of rocks around an underground opening using seismic inverse techniques

Petroleum geomechanics is concerned with rock and fracture behavior in reservoir, drilling, completion, and production engineering. Typical problems in petroleum geomechanics include subsidence, borehole stability, and hydraulic fracturing. All are coupled problems that involve heat transfer, fluid flow, rock/fracture deformation, and/or solute transport. Numerical solutions through modeling are desired for such complicated systems. In this chapter, we present the mathematical descriptions of these typical problems in petroleum geomechanics, point out the challenges in solving these problems, and address those challenges by a variety of classical and emerging numerical techniques.

Maurice B. Dusseault

Papers

Side View Seismic Location method helps fracture characterization in a giant fractured carbonate heavy oil field in Iran

Application Of Complex Variables Boundary Element Method To Modeling Borehole Stresses In Anisotropic Stress Field In Non-linear Rocks

Hydrogen Storage in North America: Status, Prospects, and Challenges

Study of dynamic properties of rocks around an underground opening using seismic inverse techniques

Petroleum Geomechanics: A Computational Perspective