https://www.cell.com/trends/biotechnology/pdf/S0167-7799(00)01433-5.pdf

Commercial potential for Haematococcus microalgae as a natural source of astaxanthin.

Technique
Thin-Layer Chromatography as an Analytical Tool


Qualitative Analysis


Quantitative Analysis





Thin-Layer Chromatography as a Preparative Tool

Thin-layer chromatography of lipids

Lutein, zeaxanthin, and the macular pigment.

The macular region of the primate retina is yellow in color due to the presence of the macular pigment, composed of two dietary xanthophylls, lutein and zeaxanthin, and another xanthophyll, meso-zeaxanthin. The latter is presumably formed from either lutein or zeaxanthin in the retina. By absorbing blue-light, the macular pigment protects the underlying photoreceptor cell layer from light damage, possibly initiated by the formation of reactive oxygen species during a photosensitized reaction. There is ample epidemiological evidence that the amount of macular pigment is inversely associated with the incidence of age-related macular degeneration, an irreversible process that is the major cause of blindness in the elderly. The macular pigment can be increased in primates by either increasing the intake of foods that are rich in lutein and zeaxanthin, such as dark-green leafy vegetables, or by supplementation with lutein or zeaxanthin. Although increasing the intake of lutein or zeaxanthin might prove to be protective against the development of age-related macular degeneration, a causative relationship has yet to be experimentally demonstrated.

Biologic mechanisms of the protective role of lutein and zeaxanthin in the eye.

Salmon farming increased substantially in the 1980s, which created a large market for astaxanthin, the principal pigment of salmon. Carotenoids are the most widely distributed class of pigments in ...

Astaxanthin from Microbial Sources

Absorption and piginenting efficacy of astaxanthin, canthaxanthin and zeaxanthin were studied in rainbow trout (Salmo crairdneri, R.). Astaxanthin is the best pigmenter, followed by canthaxanthin and astaxanthin dipalmitate. Metabolites present in the skin were isolated, identified and compared with those in the skin of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) . The di stribution of zeaxanthin and astaxanthin in the body of the chicken was also studied comparatively. Emphasis was laid on the configurational analysis of the administered carotenoids as well as of their metabolites. absorption and deposition of the single stereoisomers were compared. No epimerization of astaxanthin at C(3)/C(3') was detected in rainbow trout, nor was there one in chicken after zeaxanthin administration. A biological function of astaxanthin, canthaxanthin and zeaxanthin as vitamin A (retinol and 3,4-didehydroretinol) precursors was found in vitamin A depleted rainbow trout.

Absorption, retention and metabolic transformations of carotenoids in rainbow trout, salmon and chicken

The configurational isomers of astaxanthin (3,3′-dihydroxy-β,β-carotene-4,4′-dione) from the flesh of salmon (Salmo salar and Oncorhynchus) caught at different places in Europe and Canada were isolated and analyzed as (−)-camphanic acid diesters by means of HPLC. The biological variation in the composition of the configurational isomers in seven fish was surprisingly similar: 78 to 85% of (3S, 3′S)-astaxanthin, 12 to 17% (3R, 3′R)-astaxanthin and 2 to 6% meso-astaxanthin.

Natural Occurrence of Enantiomeric and meso-Astaxanthin. 5. Ex wild salmon (Salmo salar and Oncorhynchus)

A method is described for the qualitative and quantitative determination of configurational isomers of astaxanthin. It is based on the esterification of astaxanthin with (—)-camphanic acid chloride and analysis of the corresponding diesters by HPLC.

Separation of (3S, 3′S)‐, (3R 3′R)‐ and (3S, 3′R)‐astaxanthin via (−)‐camphanic acid esters

1. 1. The unusual intensely red exterior pigmentation of four wild rainbow trout, caught in an alpine lake of Austria, prompted quantitative and qualitative analysis of carotenoids in skin and flesh. 2. 2. Emphasis was laid on the absolute configuration of the hydroxycarotenoids. 3. 3. (3S,3′S- Astaxanthin was the main pigment in skin and flesh besides some yellow xanthophylls, which in skin were β-adonixanthin, (3R,3′S,6′R)- epilutein and (3R,3′R)- zeaxanthin and in flesh, lutein and zeaxanthin. 4. 4. The results are compared with data obtained in farmed rainbow trout fed unlabelled and tritiated astaxanthin enantiomers. 5. 5. The vitamin A1 (retinol) and A2 (dehydroretinol) statuses in liver were determined.

Max Vecchi

Papers

Absorption, retention and metabolic transformations of carotenoids in rainbow trout, salmon and chicken

Natural Occurrence of Enantiomeric and meso-Astaxanthin. 5. Ex wild salmon (Salmo salar and Oncorhynchus)

Separation of (3S, 3′S)‐, (3R 3′R)‐ and (3S, 3′R)‐astaxanthin via (−)‐camphanic acid esters

Astaxanthin and its metabolites in wild rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri R.)

Trennung und Charakterisierung von β‐Carotin‐Isomeren