Accumulating evidence suggests that, independent of physical activity levels, sedentary behaviours are associated with increased risk of cardio-metabolic disease, all-cause mortality, and a variety of physiological and psychological problems. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review is to determine the relationship between sedentary behaviour and health indicators in school-aged children and youth aged 5-17 years. Online databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycINFO), personal libraries and government documents were searched for relevant studies examining time spent engaging in sedentary behaviours and six specific health indicators (body composition, fitness, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease, self-esteem, pro-social behaviour and academic achievement). 232 studies including 983,840 participants met inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Television (TV) watching was the most common measure of sedentary behaviour and body composition was the most common outcome measure. Qualitative analysis of all studies revealed a dose-response relation between increased sedentary behaviour and unfavourable health outcomes. Watching TV for more than 2 hours per day was associated with unfavourable body composition, decreased fitness, lowered scores for self-esteem and pro-social behaviour and decreased academic achievement. Meta-analysis was completed for randomized controlled studies that aimed to reduce sedentary time and reported change in body mass index (BMI) as their primary outcome. In this regard, a meta-analysis revealed an overall significant effect of -0.81 (95% CI of -1.44 to -0.17, p = 0.01) indicating an overall decrease in mean BMI associated with the interventions. There is a large body of evidence from all study designs which suggests that decreasing any type of sedentary time is associated with lower health risk in youth aged 5-17 years. In particular, the evidence suggests that daily TV viewing in excess of 2 hours is associated with reduced physical and psychosocial health, and that lowering sedentary time leads to reductions in BMI.

/pdf/systematic-review-of-sedentary-behaviour-and-health-21hbd6lb0m.pdf

Systematic review of sedentary behaviour and health indicators in school-aged children and youth

Telephone services can provide information and support for smokers. Counselling may be provided proactively or offered reactively to callers to smoking cessation helplines. Objectives To evaluate the effect of proactive and reactive telephone support via helplines and in other settings to help smokers quit. Randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials in which proactive or reactive telephone counselling to assist smoking cessation was offered to smokers or recent quitters were used. Sixty-five trials met the inclusion criteria. Among smokers who contacted helplines, quit rates were higher for groups randomized to receive multiple sessions of proactive counselling (nine studies, >24,000 participants, risk ratio (RR) for cessation at longest follow up 1.37, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.26 to 1.50). There was mixed evidence about whether increasing the number of calls altered quit rates but most trials used more than two calls. Two studies comparing different counselling approaches during a single quitline contact did not detect significant differences. Of three studies that provided access to a hotline two detected a significant benefit and one did not. Telephone counselling not initiated by calls to helplines also increased quitting (44 studies, >24,000 participants, RR 1.29, 95% CI 1.20 to 1.38). In the subgroup of studies offering 1-2 calls the effect was small and not significant. A further seven studies were too diverse to contribute to meta-analyses and are discussed separately.

Telephone counselling for smoking cessation.

Accumulating evidence suggests that, independent of physical activity levels, sedentary behaviours are associated with increased risk of cardio-metabolic disease, all-cause mortality, and a variety of physiological and psychological problems. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review is to determine the relationship between sedentary behaviour and health indicators in school-aged children and youth aged 5-17 years. Online databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycINFO), personal libraries and government documents were searched for relevant studies examining time spent engaging in sedentary behaviours and six specific health indicators (body composition, fitness, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease, self-esteem, pro-social behaviour and academic achievement). 232 studies including 983,840 participants met inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Television (TV) watching was the most common measure of sedentary behaviour and body composition was the most common outcome measure. Qualitative analysis of all studies revealed a dose-response relation between increased sedentary behaviour and unfavourable health outcomes. Watching TV for more than 2 hours per day was associated with unfavourable body composition, decreased fitness, lowered scores for self-esteem and pro-social behaviour and decreased academic achievement. Meta-analysis was completed for randomized controlled studies that aimed to reduce sedentary time and reported change in body mass index (BMI) as their primary outcome. In this regard, a metaanalysis revealed an overall significant effect of -0.81 (95% CI of -1.44 to -0.17, p = 0.01) indicating an overall decrease in mean BMI associated with the interventions. There is a large body of evidence from all study designs which suggests that decreasing any type of sedentary time is associated with lower health risk in youth aged 5-17 years. In particular, the evidence suggests that daily TV viewing in excess of 2 hours is associated with reduced physical and psychosocial health, and that lowering sedentary time leads to reductions in BMI.

http://activeworking.com/pdfs/research/71.pdf

Systematic review of sedentary behaviour and health indicators in school-aged children and youth: an update.

Background: Interprofessional education (IPE) aims to bring together different professionals to learn with, from, and about one another in order to collaborate more effectively in the delivery of safe, high-quality care for patients/clients. Given its potential for improving collaboration and care delivery, there have been repeated calls for the wider-scale implementation of IPE across education and clinical settings. Increasingly, a range of IPE initiatives are being implemented and evaluated which are adding to the growth of evidence for this form of education.Aim: The overall aim of this review is to update a previous BEME review published in 2007. In doing so, this update sought to synthesize the evolving nature of the IPE evidence.Methods: Medline, CINAHL, BEI, and ASSIA were searched from May 2005 to June 2014. Also, journal hand searches were undertaken. All potential abstracts and papers were screened by pairs of reviewers to determine inclusion. All included papers were assessed for metho...

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A BEME systematic review of the effects of interprofessional education: BEME Guide No. 39

Race and Health Outcomes: Historical Perspectives and Implications for Aphasia Outcomes • 2000 – Congress passed the Minority Health and Health Disparities Research and Education Act of 2000 (Public Law 106‐525) • Authorized the Institute of Medicine’s (IOM) landmark study “Unequal Treatment” documenting longstanding disparities in healthcare across a variety of settings and health conditions. • The report also noted that racial minorities were far less likely to receive routine medical procedures, were more likely to experience lower quality healthcare services, but more likely to receive lower limb amputations and other less desirable treatment options for diabetes and other conditions.

Unequal Treatment—Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare

LUTFIYYA, MAY NAWAL, MARTIN S. LIPSKY, JENNIFER WISDOM-BEHOUNEK, AND MELISSA INPANBUTR-MARTINKUS. Is rural residency a risk factor for overweight and obesity for U.S. children? Obesity. 2007;15:2348–2356. Objective: Despite studies suggesting that there is a higher prevalence of overweight or obese children in rural areas in the U.S., there are no national studies comparing the prevalence levels of overweight or obese rural to metropolitan children. The objective of this research was to examine the hypothesis that living in a rural area is a risk factor for children being overweight or obese. Research Methods and Procedures: Using the National Survey of Children’s Heath, the prevalence of overweight and/or obese rural children was compared with that of children in metropolitan settings. Multivariate analyses were performed on the data to detect if differences varied by health services use factors or demographic factors, such as household income, gender, and race. Results: Multivariate analysis revealed that overweight or obese children 5 years of age were more likely to live in rural rather than metropolitan areas (odds ratio 1.252; 95% confidence interval, 1.248, 1.256). Rural overweight U.S. children 5 years of age of age were more likely than their metropolitan counterparts to: be white, live in households 200% of the federal poverty level, have no health insurance, have not received preventive health care in the past 12 months, be female, use a computer for non-school work 3 hours a day, and watch television for 3 hours a day. In addition, they were more likely to have comorbidities. Discussion: Living in rural areas is a risk factor for children being overweight or obese.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1038/oby.2007.278

Is rural residency a risk factor for overweight and obesity for U.S. children

The Triple Aim unequivocally connects interprofessional healthcare teams to the provision of better healthcare services that would eventually lead to improved health outcomes. This review of the in...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3109/13561820.2014.906391

A scoping review of interprofessional collaborative practice and education using the lens of the Triple Aim

PurposeTo address the growing shortage of rural physicians, several medical schools have developed rural training experiences for their students. However, little is known about the educational impact of these experiences. Thus, the authors conducted a critical review of North American studie

/pdf/the-impact-of-rural-training-experiences-on-medical-students-2qhr3y1l99.pdf

The impact of rural training experiences on medical students: a critical review.

Background: The prevalence of overweight and obesity was examined in African-American and Hispanic children compared with white children. 

Methods: Multivariate analyses were performed on cross-sectional data from the National Survey of Children's Health collected in 2003 to 2004. 

Results: Analyses found that overweight children were more likely to be African American and Hispanic than white, be male, live in households with incomes below 150% of the Federal poverty level, watch television 3 or more hours daily, and not have received preventive care in the past 12 months. Overweight children were less likely to get minimum levels of moderate physical activity or have participated on a sports team. 

Conclusions: Poverty impacts childhood body mass index in at least 2 specific ways: unsafe neighborhoods and the cost and accessibility of healthy foods in low income communities. Addressing these issues require the concerted efforts of policy makers. The same is true for resolving the issues of children not receiving preventive care. Increasing the number of well child check-ups mandated by the government and required by school systems may be a beneficial policy. Furthermore, policymakers concerned with issues of childhood obesity may pursue the creation of school-based health clinics in schools where at least 50% of the student body live in households with incomes <150% of the Federal poverty level.

Overweight and Obese Prevalence Rates in African American and Hispanic Children: An Analysis of Data from the 2003–2004 National Survey of Children's Health

INTRODUCTION: Daily cigarette smoking among US adolescents remains a significant public health problem. Understanding risk is important in order to develop strategies to reduce this type of tobacco use. PURPOSE: The primary objective of this research was to examine whether rural residency is an independent risk factor for being a daily smoker among adolescents ages 12 to 18 years. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study where univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were performed on a merged 1997-2003 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System dataset to determine whether rural residence was a significant risk factor for daily cigarette smoking, after adjusting for demographic factors. RESULTS: Using daily smoking as the dependent variable, initial multivariate analyses revealed that adolescents who lived either in suburban (OR=.34, CI=.32, .36) or urban (OR=.33, CI=.31, .35) locales were less likely to become daily smokers than adolescents living in rural locales. Subsequent logistic regression analysis yielded that rural youths who became daily smokers were more likely to: have used smokeless tobacco products in the past 12 months (OR=1.25, CI=1.04,1.51); be female (OR=1.42, CI=1.23, 1.64); be Caucasian (OR=1.53, CI=1.28, 1.84); have first smoked a whole cigarette when they were 12 years of age or younger (OR=2.08, CI=1.82, 2.38); and have smoked at school in the past 30 days (OR=14.52, CI=11.97, 17.60). CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that rural residency is a risk factor for tobacco use among US youth.

/pdf/adolescent-daily-cigarette-smoking-is-rural-residency-a-risk-39lp6ls0nw.pdf

May Nawal Lutfiyya

Papers

Is rural residency a risk factor for overweight and obesity for U.S. children

A scoping review of interprofessional collaborative practice and education using the lens of the Triple Aim

The impact of rural training experiences on medical students: a critical review.

Overweight and Obese Prevalence Rates in African American and Hispanic Children: An Analysis of Data from the 2003–2004 National Survey of Children's Health

Adolescent daily cigarette smoking: is rural residency a risk factor?