▪ Abstract Losses from postharvest fruit diseases range from 1 to 20 percent in the United States, depending on the commodity. The application of fungicides to fruits after harvest to reduce decay has been increasingly curtailed by the development of pathogen resistance to many key fungicides, the lack of replacement fungicides, negative public perception regarding the safety of pesticides and consequent restrictions on fungicide use. Biological control of postharvest diseases (BCPD) has emerged as an effective alternative. Because wound-invading necrotrophic pathogens are vulnerable to biocontrol, antagonists can be applied directly to the targeted area (fruit wounds), and a single application using existing delivery systems (drenches, line sprayers, on-line dips) can significantly reduce fruit decays. The pioneering biocontrol products BioSave and Aspire were registered by EPA in 1995 for control of postharvest rots of pome and citrus fruit, respectively, and are commercially available. The limitations ...

Biological control of postharvest diseases of fruits.

https://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/bitstream/123456789/28711/1/Dr.%20Rajbir%20Singh_Biological%20Control.pdf

Biological control of postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables by microbial antagonists: A review

https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/pubag/downloadPDF.xhtml?id=28805&content=PDF

Twenty years of postharvest biocontrol research: Is it time for a new paradigm?

s Background Impressive progress was made in the last decade in development, registration and commercialization of biocontrol products based on yeast to manage postharvest pathogens of fruit. To successfully inhibit the pathogen infection and development, several possible mechanisms operate in a tritrophic host-pathogen-antagonist interaction system. Scope and Approach The current reviews focuses on the recent knowledge on the mechanisms by which yeast biocontrol agents (BCAs) interact with pathogens and fruit tissues. The main mechanisms of action explored include antibiosis, mycoparasitism, production of lytic enzymes, induced resistance, competition for limiting nutrients and space, and the role of oxidative stress. Omics techniques can provide a powerful tool to study complex fruit host-pathogen-antagonist-native microflora interactions. Key Findings and Conclusions Various aspects relevant to mechanisms of action of yeast antagonists have been discussed, including unique environment of surface wounds, iron competition, biofilm formation, cell wall degrading enzymes, and involvement of oxidative stress. Outstanding advancement in molecular and omics technologies revolutionized the research about the physiological status of BCAs and the global effect of the application of BCAs on the transcriptome and/or proteome of fruit. Microbial communities on plant surfaces could impact disease control through their interactions with host plants, pathogens, and BCAs, in a quadritrophic interaction system, hence microbiome research opens new research opportunities. The complex modes of action make antagonistic performance and efficacy more dependent on production, formulation, packing, application, and storage. A deep understanding of the mode of action is essential to develop appropriate formulation and methods of application.

Development of biocontrol products for postharvest diseases of fruit: The importance of elucidating the mechanisms of action of yeast antagonists

Review: Utilization of antagonistic yeasts to manage postharvest fungal diseases of fruit.

Mode of action of the postharvest biocontrol yeast, Pichia guilliermondii. I. Characterization of attachment to Botrytis cinerea

(...) Lesion size and frequency of Botrytis rot were significantly less in fruit pretreated with aqueous suspensions of strains 87 and 101. Significant, but marginal, reduction of Penicillium rot was observed in treatments with these yeasts. Biological control of Botrytis rot was enhanced when wounds were treated with strain 87 in aqueous solutions of CaCl 2 , KCl and CaCO 3 . Salt solutions applied to wounds without yeast cells did not reduce rot. The ability of the salt solutions to enhance control with yeasts was not related to the osmotic potential of the solutions. Calcium chloride was the most effective salt (...)

Effect of inoculum concentration and salt solutions on biological control of postharvest diseases of apple with Candida sp.

Biological control of post-harvest diseases of fruits and vegetables: alternatives to synthetic fungicides

A yeast, strain 138 of Kloeckera apiculata, isolated from the surface of grapes, was evaluated for its activity in reducing postharvest decay of grape, peach, and apple fruits. In an artificial infection assay in which detached grapes were immersed in an aqueous suspension of yeast cells (5×10 8 cfu/ml) and spray-inoculated with 10 3 sporangiospores per milliliter of Rhizopus stolonifer, strain 138 reduced decay, whereas strain 87 (=US-7) of Candida guilliermondii did not(.)

Biological control of postharvest diseases of grape, peach, and apple with the yeasts Kloeckera apiculata and Candida guilliermondii

The present invention is drawn to biological control of plant pathogens (e.g. either preharvest or postharvest diseases) on agricultural commodities (such as fruits, vegetables, cereals, grains, nuts, seeds and silage) by use of at least one microorganism which is an antagonist against plant pathogens.

Mclaughlin Randy J

Papers

Mode of action of the postharvest biocontrol yeast, Pichia guilliermondii. I. Characterization of attachment to Botrytis cinerea

Effect of inoculum concentration and salt solutions on biological control of postharvest diseases of apple with Candida sp.

Biological control of post-harvest diseases of fruits and vegetables: alternatives to synthetic fungicides

Biological control of postharvest diseases of grape, peach, and apple with the yeasts Kloeckera apiculata and Candida guilliermondii

Inhibiting plant pathogens with an antagonistic microorganism(s)