Influenza A is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by the influenza A virus, which seriously threatens global human health and causes substantial economic losses every year. With the emergence of new viral strains, anti-influenza drugs remain the most effective treatment for influenza A. Research on traditional, innovative small-molecule drugs faces many challenges, while computer-aided drug design (CADD) offers opportunities for the rapid and effective development of innovative drugs. This literature review describes the general process of CADD, the viral proteins that play an essential role in the life cycle of the influenza A virus and can be used as therapeutic targets for anti-influenza drugs, and examples of drug screening of viral target proteins by applying the CADD approach. Finally, the main limitations of current CADD strategies in anti-influenza drug discovery and the field’s future directions are discussed.

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/9/4738/pdf?version=1650950084

Recent Advances in Application of Computer-Aided Drug Design in Anti-Influenza A Virus Drug Discovery

Cryptosporidiosis is the leading protozoan-induced cause of diarrheal illness in children, and it has been linked to childhood mortality, malnutrition, cognitive development, with retardation of growth. Cryptosporidium hominis, the anthroponotically transmitted species within the Cryptosporidium genus, contributes significantly to the global burden of infection, accounting for the majority of clinical cases in numerous nations, as well as its emergence in the last decade is largely due to detections obtained through noteworthy epidemiologic research. Nevertheless, there is no vaccine available, and the only licensed medication, nitazoxanide, has been demonstrated to have efficacy limitations in a number of patient groups recognized to be at high risk of complications. Therefore, current study delineates the computational vaccine design for Cryptosporidium hominis, the notable pathogen for enteric diarrhea. Firstly, a comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify six proteins based on their toxigenicity, allergenicity, antigenicity, and prediction of transmembrane helices to make up a multi-epitope-based subunit vaccine. Following that, antigenic non-toxic HTL epitope, CTL epitope with B cell epitope were predicted from the selected proteins and construct a vaccine candidate with adding an adjuvant and some linkers with immunologically superior epitopes. Afterwards, the constructed vaccine candidates and TLR2 receptor were put into the ClusPro server for molecular dynamic simulation to know the binding stability of the vaccine-TLR2 complex. Following that, Escherichia coli strain K12 was used as a cloning host for the chosen vaccine construct via the JCat server. As a result of the findings, it was resolute that the proposed chimeric peptide vaccine could improve the immune response to Cryptosporidium hominis. 

/pdf/exploratory-algorithm-of-a-multi-epitope-based-subunit-n5zf8vnx.pdf

Exploratory Algorithm of a Multi-epitope-based Subunit Vaccine Candidate Against Cryptosporidium hominis: Reverse Vaccinology-Based Immunoinformatic Approach

Epidemiological information and proper identification of Fasciola species present in Bangladesh are important for control. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of liver fluke infection of goats in Sylhet, Bangladesh, and identifying those using integrated morphometric and molecular techniques. A total of 260 slaughtered goats (Capra hircus) were examined, and flukes were collected from infected liver using sterilized forceps. Fasciolosis prevalence in goats was 35.38% (92/260) across all age and sex categories. Female goats were found more infected (37.14%, 65/175) than male goats (31.76%, 27/85), while infection rate was found higher in young animals (37.91%, 69/182) compared to adults (29.48% 23/78). Infection rate was observed higher in rainy season (52.96%, 45/85), followed by winter (27.38%, 26/95) and summer (26.25%, 21/80). Collected flukes were examined by light microscopy after being stained with Semichon's acetocarmine, and sequences of mtDNA Cox1 genes were obtained. Ten adult flukes were measured, 38.72 ± 3.37 mm in length and 11.8 ± 1.9 mm in width. Based on morphometric features especially branching of the testis and body length/body width ratios (3.28 ± 0.42), the flukes were primarily identified as Fasciola gigantica. Amplicon sequences were compared by BLAST and the cox1 sequences showed 97.1-99.3% similarity with the reference sequences (F. gigantica and Fasciola sp.) from GenBank. In this study, we found a considerable prevalence of fascioliasis in goats, and F. gigantica was solely identified with variation. To control these parasites and prevent potential public health risks, appropriate control techniques must be developed.

/pdf/current-status-of-fasciolosis-of-goat-in-sylhet-bangladesh-1539bzxb.pdf

Current Status of Fasciolosis of Goat in Sylhet, Bangladesh: An Integrated Morphomolecular Study

Simple Summary Fasciolia hepatica and Fasciola gigantica are widespread and found in the liver and bile ducts of ruminant animals and humans, which poses a major problem in animal husbandry. There are many studies on the prevalence of ovine and caprine fasciolosis in China, but the overall prevalence of fasciolosis and the risk factors are still unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis was designed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of ovine and caprine fasciolosis in China. The pooled prevalence of ovine and caprine fasciolosis was 26.00%. Out of all the subgroups, the type of season and sampling years showed the most significant (p < 0.05) differences. The results indicated that ovine and caprine fasciolosis was widely distributed, especially in Northwestern China. The risk factors related to the disease are described in this study. Therefore, strategies for ovine and caprine fasciolosis control can be developed based on the epidemic risk factors that are identified in this study, which will thus reduce the prevalence of fasciolosis in China. Abstract Fasciolosis is a significant zoonotic and common parasitic disease for animals and humans, creating public health concerns worldwide. This study retrieved articles related to the occurrence of Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica in sheep and goats in China by searching five databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Data, and the VIP Chinese Journal Database. A total of 60 valid articles were captured. The pooled prevalence of ovine and caprine fasciolosis was 26.00%. It was also found to be higher in the subgroups of Northwest China and Shaanxi Province, as well as in areas with a high altitude, rainfall of ≥800 mm, and temperature ranging between 10 °C and 20 °C. Analysis of the type of season and sampling years showed significant (p < 0.05) difference. In other subgroups, sheep (34.74%), hosts aged over 2 years (32.26%), females (48.33%) and free-range animals (26.83%) showed a higher disease prevalence. These results indicated that ovine and caprine fasciolosis was widely distributed, especially in Northwest China. The sampling years and the type of season are risk factors for the prevalence of ovine and caprine fasciolosis. Therefore, strategies for ovine and caprine fasciolosis control should be developed based on these epidemic risk factors, which will reduce the prevalence of fasciolosis in China.

/pdf/prevalence-and-risk-factors-of-ovine-and-caprine-fasciolosis-k9jaz8a0.pdf

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Ovine and Caprine Fasciolosis in the Last 20 Years in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Simple Summary Fascioliasis is a common disease of cattle, but it remains a neglected disease in Malaysia. Several studies have been published in the past to address the significant economic losses to the livestock industry due to fascioliasis, but very few have investigated the effect of climatic factors in the occurrence of the disease. We performed a longitudinal study by examining 40 cattle on a monthly basis for a period of 12 months. In addition, the effect of climatic factors such as temperature, humidity, rainfall, and pan evaporation in the disease occurrence were analysed by Pearson’s correlation. We found that cattle fascioliasis is prevalent in Kelantan, and the occurrence of cattle fascioliasis was positively correlated with rainfall and humidity and negatively correlated with evaporation. These observations suggest that the implementation of preventive strategies during monsoon season, which has higher rainfall and humidity and lower evaporation, should be considered to effectively control cattle fascioliasis in Kelantan. Abstract A longitudinal study was conducted in five randomly selected farms in Kelantan, Malaysia to determine the seasonal occurrence of cattle fascioliasis and its association with climatic factors. A total of 480 faecal samples were collected by a random purposive sampling method from July 2018 to June 2019. The faecal samples were examined for the presence of Fasciola eggs using a formalin ether sedimentation technique. Meteorological data including temperature, humidity, rainfall, and pan evaporation were obtained from a local meteorological station. The overall prevalence of cattle fascioliasis in Kelantan was 45.8%. The prevalence was observed to be slightly higher during the wet season from August to December (50–58%) than during the dry season from January to June (30–45%). Meanwhile, the mean eggs per gram (EPG) were highest in June (191.1 ± 0.48) and lowest in October (77.62 ± 95.5). However, there were no significant differences in the mean of EPG between the monthly prevalence, tested using one-way ANOVA (p = 0.1828). A statistically significant association (p = 0.014) was observed between the disease and cattle breeds, with Charolais and Brahman showing lower odds of having the disease. There were significant moderate-to-strong positive correlations between cattle fascioliasis and rainfall (r = 0.666; p = 0.018) and humidity (r = 0.808; p = 0.001), as well as strong negative correlations with evaporation (r = −0.829; p = 0.001). The results indicated that the higher prevalence of cattle fascioliasis in Kelantan was correlated with the climatic factors, which include higher rainfall and humidity and lower evaporation.

/pdf/seasonal-occurrence-of-cattle-fascioliasis-in-kelantan-1evlzsp3.pdf

Seasonal Occurrence of Cattle Fascioliasis in Kelantan, Malaysia

A systematic review and meta-analysis on prevalence and epidemiological risk factors of zoonotic Fascioliasis infection among the ruminants in Bangladesh

| Canine parvovirus (CPV) enteritis is a highly contagious, virulent, acute, and fatal gastrointestinal viral disease that fundamentally transforms the pups and collapses the body’s posthaste branching organs, such as bone marrow, lymph node, and the flimsy cell of the intestine, causing bloody diarrhea amidst a high mortality and morbidity rate. CPV is distributed in the family Parvoviridae beneath the subfamily Parvovirinae that pertains to the genus Protoparvoviorus with a high genomic replacement unlike other DNA virus; the organism is primarily segmented into three forms acknowledged as (CPV-2a, CPV-2b, and CPV-2c), which resembles to be liable for the infection’s statewide spread. For transmission, the fecal-oral pathway is deemed the most obvious route than other permissible routes. Moreover, spreading through contact interactions, environmental pollutants, and the host reservoir, like a stray dog, could be feasible. Distressingly, such a pathogen is currently endemic in Asian nations, including India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and China. Thus, the literature review encompassed comprehensive knowledge concerning contemporary disease occurrence with causes and transmission imperative for management practice. Besides, the study converged on afresh advanced treatment procedures, vaccine progressions, and public awareness efforts, which can be a baseline for the policymaker, veterinarians and pet owner to limit further outbreaks.

/pdf/update-on-canine-parvovirus-infection-a-review-from-the-2g879dp8is.pdf

Update on Canine Parvovirus Infection: A Review from the Literature

Multi-epitope based subunit vaccine construction against Banna virus targeting on two outer proteins (VP4 and VP9): A computational approach.

Discovery of mushroom-derived bioactive compound's draggability against nsP3 macro domain, nsP2 protease and envelope glycoprotein of Chikungunya virus: An in silico approach

Md. Mukthar Mia

Papers

A systematic review and meta-analysis on prevalence and epidemiological risk factors of zoonotic Fascioliasis infection among the ruminants in Bangladesh

Update on Canine Parvovirus Infection: A Review from the Literature

Multi-epitope based subunit vaccine construction against Banna virus targeting on two outer proteins (VP4 and VP9): A computational approach.

Discovery of mushroom-derived bioactive compound's draggability against nsP3 macro domain, nsP2 protease and envelope glycoprotein of Chikungunya virus: An in silico approach