With the growth and development of power grids, optimal utilization of electric networks is very important. Because of the high cost of construction and development of power networks, mitigation of existing issues, such as excessive power losses, voltage profile problems, voltage instabilities, reliability problems and etc. is inevitable. To obviate these problems, Distribution Synchronous Static Compensator (D-STACTOM) as a shunt compensator device can be used in electric distribution networks. Optimal location and size of D-STACOM, should be determined on the basis of economic viability, required quality, reliability and availability. In recent years, several papers have concentrated on the techniques used for finding optimal location and size of the D-STATCOM units considering different aspects. However, to date, no review paper has been published in this field. This paper presents an up to date survey of the literature on the optimal allocation of D-STATCOM in distribution networks. The existing research works have been classified into five categories including analytical methods, artificial neural network-based approaches, metaheuristic methods, sensitivity approaches, and a combination of sensitivity approaches and metaheuristic methods. Moreover, it was found that in D-STATCOM allocation problem, the objectives may be alleviation of power loss, mitigation of voltage deviations, improvement of reliability metrics and enhancement of voltage stability. All methods, objectives and constrains have been compared and discussed in details. Eventually, an overall review on the reviewed works has been provided and some directions for future research were suggested.

Optimal placement and sizing of distribution static compensator (D-STATCOM) in electric distribution networks: A review

For a power transfer path, total transfer capability (TTC) represents maximum power that can be transferred over the transmission system. Unified power flow controller (UPFC) is a device that can be used to increase in TTC. This study presents a new method for optimal UPFC application to minimise power loss while enhancing TTC. Based on UPFC injection model, the solution region of UPFC parameters is first found using the proposed method to maximise TTC. It then searches the solution region to find optimal UPFC control mode and setting to minimise system power loss. The proposed method is applied to the IEEE-Reliability Test System and the UPFC application impact are evaluated. Comparative studies are conducted between the TTC results obtained by the proposed method with those obtained using the existing approaches.

Optimal unified power flow controller application to enhance total transfer capability

Street lighting characterizes many smart city initiatives around the world. In fact, significant savings can be achieved by not only replacing traditional luminaires with low-power LEDs, but also providing streetlights with smart light controllers and network connectivity, allowing the introduction of a sensible light intensity management and reduction of maintenance costs. Moreover, if designed with a far-looking view, smart lighting infrastructure could also support city-wide Internet of Things services, becoming key enablers of the smart city revolution, also in the 5G perspective. In this paper, we provide a thorough discussion on network architectures and communication technologies that could be adopted for smart public lighting applications, showing their benefits and downsides. Starting with significant activity on research, implementation and in-field testing, we also outline the steps required for the deployment of a smart public lighting infrastructure, each discussed in accordance with the network topology considered. Finally, we introduce some additional services that a smart public lighting infrastructure could support and discuss the benefits that would arise from integration with the upcoming 5G cellular network.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/16/3281/pdf

Design, deployment and evolution of heterogeneous smart public lighting systems

Switched reluctance motor (SRM) is gaining more interest in the last decades due to its simple and robust structure. SRMs are classified into conventional SRMs (CSRMs) and mutually coupled SRMs (MCSRMs). CSRMs are based on single-phase excitation and torque is generated by the variation of self-inductance with rotor position. MCSRMs are based on multi-phase excitation and torque is produced by the rate of change of both self- and mutual inductances. MCSRM has the advantages of using the standard voltage source inverter at balanced current operation, when the sum of the phase currents is zero, while CSRM requires an asymmetrical converter. This paper presents the state-of-the-art review of MCSRMs, including operating concept, winding, and pole configurations, control methods by using different current waveforms, performance comparison of MCSRM configurations, modeling methods, and future work for improving MCSRM performance.

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Mutually Coupled Switched Reluctance Motor: Fundamentals, Control, Modeling, State of the Art Review and Future Trends

Three types of conducting polymers, polyaniline (PANI), poly(N-methylaniline) (PNMA), poly(N-ethylaniline) (PNEA) were electrochemically deposited on pencil graphite electrode (PGE) surfaces characterized as electrode active materials for supercapacitor applications. The obtained films were electrochemically characterized using different electrochemical methods. Redox parameters, electro-active characteristics, and electrostability of the polymer films were investigated via cyclic voltammetry (CV). Doping types of the polymer films were determined by the Mott-Schottky method. Electrochemical capacitance properties of the polymer film coating PGE (PGE/PANI, PGE/PNMA, and PGE/PNEA) were investigated by the CV and potentiostatic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods in a 0.1 M H2SO4 aqueous solution. Thus, capacitance values of the electrodes were calculated. Results show that PGE/PANI, PGE/PNMA, and PGE/PNEA exhibit maximum specific capacitances of 131.78 F g−1 (≈ 436.50 mF cm−2), 38.00 F g−1 (≈ 130.70 mF cm−2), and 16.50 F g−1 (≈ 57.83 mF cm−2), respectively. Moreover, charge-discharge capacities of the electrodes are reported and the specific power (SP) and specific energy (SE) values of the electrodes as supercapacitor materials were calculated using repeating chronopotentiometry.

Electrochemical storage properties of polyaniline-, poly(N-methylaniline)-, and poly(N-ethylaniline)-coated pencil graphite electrodes

This paper presents Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) modeled in the MATLAB SIMULINK toolbox for the mitigation of the power quality issues in the distribution system. DSTATCOM is one of the custom power device used in distribution system for power conditioning. DSTATCOM is developed for the compensating reactive power demanded by non-linear and unbalanced load. Also power factor of the source is improved and the Total Harmonic Distortion in the source currents is reduced. DSTATCOM can correct voltage sag, swell, unbalance by injecting the reactive current into the system. Instantaneous reactive power theory is used for obtaining reference source current for controlling DSTATCOM. The performance of the DSTATCOM by using the IRP theory for unbalanced and non linear load is demonstrated with the MATLAB simulation results.

Modelling and simulation of DSTATCOM for power quality improvement in distribution system using MATLAB SIMULINK tool

This paper presents the analytical Modeling of Switched Reluctance Motor(SRM) based on the data obtained from Finite Element Analysis(FEA) tool Ansys Maxwell. Once the design of the machine is done in FEA tool then before manufacturing the actual machine it is necessary to test its dynamic performance. Testing of dynamic performance involves the operation of the motor with different control strategy for various loading and speed condition. Use of FEA model in such a testing takes a lot of time so it is time-consuming in the development of the machine. So analytical model which approximates the FEA model while preserving the accuracy of the system is necessary to reduce development time. This paper derives the non-linear mathematical model of 7.5kW, 8/6 SRM. This modeling is based on an approximation of phase self-inductance using Fourier Series (FS) approach with the help of data obtained from FEA tool. The dependence of phase self inductance on rotor position is incorporated in the developed mathematical model using FS terms and coefficients of series are taken as a polynomial function of current to account for the nonlinear variation of inductance with respect to current. To improve the accuracy of model five FS terms are used instead of three. Polynomial fit used for approximation of inductance variation as a function of current is split into two polynomial equations to accommodate the wide variation of inductance with a current. This mathematical model is developed in MATLAB-Simulink environment and hysteresis controller is designed to control the current flowing through the winding of machine. For validation of MATLAB model static and dynamic inductance profile, dynamic torque, flux, and phase current obtained from the model are compared with simulation done in FEA tool.

Nonlinear mathematical modeling and simulation of Switched Reluctance Motor

Battery is the heart of electric vehicle and a way of improving the battery life is to equalize the energy of its cells. This can be done by either dissipating excess energy in the form of heat (passive cell balancing) or charging the low voltage cells through high voltage cells (active cell balancing). This paper presents a practical approach of active cell balancing along with a brief comparative study of passive and active cell balancing techniques. To improve the inconsistency present in the series-parallel connected lithium ion (Li-Ion) cells, a cell balancing scheme based on switch-matrix and forward converter with active clamp driver topology is presented. This cell balancing scheme is based on transferring the energy from the over-charged cell to auxiliary battery and from auxiliary battery to less charged cell. The balancing takes place for one cell at a time and the balancing current can be continuously monitored. The energy transfer efficiency of 90% for charging and 72% for discharging is achieved. The proposed battery management system can be used for communicating the faults generated in the battery pack to the master controller and corrective actions can be taken to avoid the damage to the battery.

A Practical Approach of Active Cell Balancing in a Battery Management System

The Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) is one of the most widely used Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) device which is based on a voltage source converter with a dc link capacitor. This paper presents the mathematical modelling of STATCOM in dq domain, with the Q-V dc controller to control the reactive power flow in the system and to maintain the dc voltage at a constant value. The control of the voltage source converter(VSC) is achieved by controlling the duty cycle of the inverter devices in Park's domain (d d and d q ). Design, analysis and comparison of Proportional-Integral (PI) and Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers for this scheme is presented.

Modelling, design and comparison of PI and PID controllers for Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)

The electronic control devices in a modern vehicle are called as Electronic Control Units (ECU). The ECUs support Controller Area Network (CAN) communication protocol. CAN is used for communication between vehicle ECUs since it is reliable, robust and has fault confinement quality. But when the number of on-board ECUs is increased, the diagnosis of a specific ECU becomes a complex task. The diagnosis of the electronic devices and electrical circuits is done with a standardized communication protocol, UDS (Unified Diagnostic Services). In this paper, Input/Outputs testing by UDS application is presented.

Meera Murali

Papers

Modelling and simulation of DSTATCOM for power quality improvement in distribution system using MATLAB SIMULINK tool

Nonlinear mathematical modeling and simulation of Switched Reluctance Motor

A Practical Approach of Active Cell Balancing in a Battery Management System

Modelling, design and comparison of PI and PID controllers for Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)

UDS Impiemetation for ECU I/O Testing