https://www.pcih.fr/alip/media/consensus_prostate_2011.pdf

Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Detection, Localisation, and Characterisation of Prostate Cancer: Recommendations from a European Consensus Meeting

Automated breast cancer detection and classification using ultrasound images: A survey

BACKGROUND

The age specific breast cancer incidence rate for African-American women under age 35 is more than twice the rate for white women of similar age, and the mortality rate is more than three times higher. To determine factors that may explain racial/ethnic variation in outcomes among young women diagnosed with breast cancer, the authors examined the clinical presentation, treatment, and survival of African-American, Hispanic, and white women under age 35 years.



METHODS

Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program data for 1990–1998 and SEER Patterns of Care data for 1990, 1991, and 1995 were used for this analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to examine factors associated with the receipt of selected breast cancer treatments. Kaplan–Meier survival analyses and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to examine 5-year overall survival and disease-specific survival.



RESULTS

The authors found racial/ethnic variation in clinical presentation, treatment, and survival. Both African-American and Hispanic women presented with higher disease stage and a higher prevalence of adverse prognostic indicators compared to white women. African-American and Hispanic women received cancer-directed surgery and radiation less frequently after undergoing breast-conserving surgery. Racial/ethnic differences in clinical presentation and treatment were associated with poorer overall survival in unadjusted analyses. African-American and Hispanic women also had poorer overall survival after controlling for clinical and demographic characteristics and type of treatment.



CONCLUSIONS

Future research studies should further examine the factors that influence racial/ethnic differences in incidence, clinical presentation, and treatment differentials among young women diagnosed with breast cancer. A better understanding of these factors will facilitate the development of strategies to help eliminate this health disparity. Cancer 2003;97:134–47. Published 2003 by the American Cancer Society.



DOI 10.1002/cncr.11051

Racial/ethnic variation in clinical presentation, treatment, and survival among breast cancer patients under age 35.

A key determinant of breast cancer outcome in any population is the degree to which cancers are detected at early stages of disease Populations in which cancers are detected at earlier stages have lower breast cancer mortality rates The Breast Health Global Initiative (BHGI) held its third Global Summit in Budapest, Hungary in October 2007, bringing together internationally recognized experts to address the implementation of breast healthcare guidelines for early detection, diagnosis, and treatment in low- and middle-income countries (LMCs) A multidisciplinary panel of experts specifically addressed the implementation of BHGI guidelines for the early detection of disease as they related to resource allocation for public education and awareness, cancer detection methods, and evaluation goals Public education and awareness are the key first steps, because early detection programs cannot be successful if the public is unaware of the value of early detection The effectiveness and efficiency of screening modalities, including screening mammography, clinical breast examination (CBE), and breast self-examination, were reviewed in the context of resource availability and population-based need by the panel Social and cultural barriers should be considered when early detection programs are being established, and the evaluation of early detection programs should include the use of well developed, methodologically sound process metrics to determine the effectiveness of program implementation The approach and scope of any screening program will determine the success of any early detection program as measured by cancer stage at diagnosis and will drive the breadth of resource allocation needed for program implementation

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/cncr.23842

Guideline implementation for breast healthcare in low- and middle-income countries: early detection resource allocation.

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer of women in North America. The probability of developing breast cancer increases with age and the largest risk factors associated with its development, specifically age and gender, are not modifiable. Despite advances in treatment that have reduced breast cancer mortality over the past two decades, next to lung cancer, this disease still remains the second leading cause of cancer induced death in women. Several well established tools are currently used to screen for breast cancer including clinical breast exams, mammograms, and ultrasound. Mammography has been the gold standard for screening breast cancer, though as a screening tool its sensi- tivity and specificity are limited. Ultrasound and clinical breast exams are adjunctive tools used in the breast screen- ing process, particularly for women with mammographically dense breasts. Thermography, first introduced as a breast- screening tool in 1956 has been approved for use by the FDA since 1982 and was initially well accepted. However, after a 1977 study found thermography to lag behind both mam- mography and ultrasound, the medical community quickly lost interest in this tool and its application has been greatly limited. In this review, each of the breast screening tools and their associated limitations are discussed, with a focus brought to thermography. No single screening tool provides excellent predictability but a combination of tools that also incorporates thermography has been shown to boost both sensitivity and specificity. In light of developments in com- puter technology, and the maturation of the thermographic industry, additional research is required to confirm and/or continue to develop the potential of this technology to pro- vide a more effective noninvasive adjunctive tool to provide early detection of breast cancer.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1534735408326171

A comparative review of thermography as a breast cancer screening technique.

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to assess the mammographic features and pathologic outcome of category 4 lesions using the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System(BI-RADS), and to evaluate the significance of final assessment categories. Materials and Methods : Using BI-RADS, the interpretations of 8,134 mammograms acquired between January 1997 and May 1998 were categorized. From among 161 lesions categorized as “4 ”(“suspicious abnormality ”) and pathologically confirmed by surgery or biopsy, we analysed 113, found in 66 patients. Results : The pathologic outcome of these 113 lesions was as follows: infiltrating ductal carcinoma, 17.7%(20/113); DCIS(ductal carcinoma in sitv), 8.0 %(9/113); ADH(atypical ductal hyperplasia), 5.3 % (6/113); DEH(ductal epithelial hyperplasia), 1.8 %(2/113); ductectasia, 0.9 %(1/113), FCD(fibrocystic change), 27 .4 %(31/113); fibroadenoma, 7.1 %(8/113); stromal fibrosis, 9.7%(11/113); normal parenchyma, 7.1 % (8/113); other pathology, 15.0 %(17/113). The most frequent mammographic features of BI-RADS category 4 lesions were irregular mass shape(41.2 %), spiculated mass margin(52.3%), amorphous calcification(47.3%) and clustered calcification distribution(37.1% ). Conclusion : Because category 4 lesions account for about 25.7 % of all breast malignancies, mammographic lesions in this category (“suspicious abnormality ”)should be considered for supplementary study and breast biopsy rather than short-term follow-up. Initial pathologic findings can thus be confirmed.

https://pc.jksronline.org/Synapse/Data/PDFData/1016JKRS/jkrs-41-1219.pdf

Mammographic Evaluation of Suspicious Malignant Lesions Based on ACR(American College of Radiology) Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System( BI-RADS )

Purpose: To compare prospectively obtained static two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) ultrasonographic (US) images in the diagnostic performance of radiologists with respect to the differentiation of benign from malignant solid breast masses with histopathologic examination as the reference standard. Materials and Methods: This study had institutional review board approval, and patient informed consent was obtained. Conventional 2D and 3D US images were obtained from 141 patients (age range, 25–71 years; mean age, 46 years) with 150 solid breast masses (60 cancers and 90 benign lesions) before excisonal or needle biopsy. Four radiologists who had not performed the examinations independently reviewed 2D US images and stored 3D US data and provided a level of suspicion concerning probability of malignancy. The sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive values of 2D images were compared with those of 3D US images. Results: For all readers, 3D US images were the same as or better than 2D US...

Differentiating benign from malignant solid breast masses: comparison of two-dimensional and three-dimensional US.

Purpose: To compare changes in breast parenchymal density among diverse age groups in asymptomatic Korean women with those of Western women, and to evaluate the effect of different patterns of breast parenchymal density on the sensitivity of screening mammography in Korean women. Materials and Methods: We analyzed the distribution of breast parenchymal density among diverse age groups in 823 asymptomatic Korean women aged 30-64 who underwent screening mammography between January and December 1998. On the basis of ACR BI-RADS breast composition, four density patterns were designated: patterns l and 2 related to fatty mammograms, and patterns 3 and 4 to dense mammograms. We compared the results with those for western women. Results: In Korean women, the frequency of dense mammogram was 88.1 % (30-34 years old), 91.1 % (35-39), 78.3 % (40-44), 61.1 % (45-49), 30.1 % (50-54), 21.1 % (55-59), and 7.0 % (60-64). Korean women in their 40s thus showed a higher frequency of dense mammograms, but this frequency decreased abruptly between the ages of 40 and 54. In Western women, however, there was little difference between 40 and 54-year-olds: the figures were 47.2 % (40-44 years), 44.8 %(45-49), and 44.4 %(50-54). Conclusion:Because the frequency of their dense mammograms shows little change between Western women in their forties and in their fifties, it is clear that between these two age groups, mammographic sensitivity is only slightly different. Because the frequency of dense mammograms is much greater among Korean women in their forties than among Western women og the same age, and among Korean women this frequency decreases abruptly, it appears, however, that the mammographic sensitivity of Korean women is less among those in their forties than among those in their fifties. It is therefore thought that mammography combined with ultrasonography may increase screening sensitivity among Korean women under 50, who have a relatively higher incidence of breast cancer in the younger age groups than do Western women.

/pdf/analysis-and-comparison-of-breast-density-according-to-age-4aixykpa6t.pdf

Analysis and Comparison of Breast Density according to Age on Mammogram between Korean and Western Women

Of 489 asymptomatic women who were referred to our institute from other screening clinics, 46 were eventually proven to be breast cancer patients, and this number equated to 8.1% of the 565 breast cancer patients treated in our institute during the period of January 1997 to December 1998. Among the 46 cancer patients of the initial 489 asymptomatic women, twenty-five (54.35%) were detected by mammogram alone, six (13.04%) by clinical breast examination (CBE) alone, and the remaining 15 (32.61%) by both mammogram and CBE. In context with age, the mammographic sensitivity for cancer detection was 100% for women aged over 60, 91% for 50s, 78.9% for 40s, and 75% for 30s, and inversely correlated with the patient's age. Among the 25 cancers detected by mammogram alone, 18 (72%) belonged to DCIS or stage I. In contrast, four (66.7%) of six cancers detected by CBE alone and nine (60%) of 15 cancers by both CBE and mammography were included in stage IIa or IIb. However, the total incidence of early cancers (stages 0 and I) was significantly higher in the screening group than in the symptomatic group (p < 0.01). These results suggest that the role of mammography is important in the detection of cancers in their earlier stage and CBE is helpful in reducing false negative results in breast cancer screening. In conclusion, film mammography is the best tool for the detection of microcalcification and is useful for the detection of earlier lesions, but is not perfect for the detection of breast cancer particularly in young women. A careful CBE is an essential part of breast screening in order to reduce false-negative results.

/pdf/clinical-breast-examination-for-screening-of-asymptomatic-2snyfsd2bx.pdf

Clinical breast examination for screening of asymptomatic women: the importance of clinical breast examination for breast cancer detection.

We treated a 54-year-old woman who was suffering from membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis associated with a complete type of hydatidiform mole. The renal manifestations were proteinuria and hematuria. A renal biopsy, performed before gynecologic management, disclosed focal and segmental subendothelial deposits with a proliferation of the mesangial cell and showed irregularly thickened capillary loops by light and electronmicroscoy. Genralized edema, proteinuria and hematuria were completely recovered by suction and curettage of the hydatidiform mole with prophylactic chemotherapy. The clinical manifestation of earlier presented 3 cases have been the nephrotic syndrome. The common feature of them was a complete remission of the nephropathy after the removal of the hydatidiform mole. The relationship between the hydatidiform mole and glomerulonephritis remains unresolved at present. But we concluded that the hydatidiform mole might be a cause of glomerulonephritis in this case.

https://ir.ymlib.yonsei.ac.kr/bitstream/22282913/171924/1/T200003277.pdf

Mi Hye Kim

Papers

Mammographic Evaluation of Suspicious Malignant Lesions Based on ACR(American College of Radiology) Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System( BI-RADS )

Differentiating benign from malignant solid breast masses: comparison of two-dimensional and three-dimensional US.

Analysis and Comparison of Breast Density according to Age on Mammogram between Korean and Western Women

Clinical breast examination for screening of asymptomatic women: the importance of clinical breast examination for breast cancer detection.

A case of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis associated with a hydatidiform mole.