Chitin and its derivatives—as a potential resource as well as multiple functional substrates—have generated attractive interest in various fields such as biomedical, pharmaceutical, food and environmental industries, since the first isolation of chitin in 1811. Moreover, chitosan and its chitooligosaccharides (COS) are degraded products of chitin through enzymatic and acidic hydrolysis processes; and COS, in particular, is well suited for potential biological application, due to the biocompatibility and nontoxic nature of chitosan. In this review, we investigate the current bioactivities of chitin derivatives, which are all correlated with their biomedical properties. Several new and cutting edge insights here may provide a molecular basis for the mechanism of chitin, and hence may aid its use for medical and pharmaceutical applications.

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/11/12/5152/pdf

Applications of Chitin and Its Derivatives in Biological Medicine

https://www.jidonline.org/article/S0022-202X(15)36208-4/pdf

Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity of chitosan-alginate nanoparticles: a targeted therapy for cutaneous pathogens.

Intranasal Piperine‐Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles as Brain‐Targeted Therapy in Alzheimer's Disease: Optimization, Biological Efficacy, and Potential Toxicity

Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory effects in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells

The ETS family is a diverse group of transcription factors that control the expressions of genes that participate in an array of cellular activities, ranging from mitosis to apoptosis As a consequence of regulating these processes, most ETS factors are oncogenic However, there is growing evidence that ETS factors are also essential to regulation of the immune system Of the 29 recognized ETS factors, nine are known to regulate genes involved in immunity, including Ets1, Ets2, GABP, Fli1, Elf1, MEF, ESE1, PU1, and SpiB These ETS factors typically activate the transcription of genes associated with pathogen and tumor defense, but several also demonstrate ability to repress transcription Ets1 and PU1 appear to have the greatest impact on immunity, primarily through their control of immune cell development Alterations of Fli1 and Elf1 expression are associated with autoimmunity, emphasizing the role of ETS factors as not only positive, but also negative regulators of immunity This review summarizes the roles of ETS factors in development of the immune system, defense against pathogens and malignancies, and self-tolerance

ETS transcription factors and regulation of immunity

Involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase and NF-κB activation in Ca2+-induced IL-8 production in human mast cells

Poncirus trifoliata fruit induces apoptosis in human promyelocytic leukemia cells.

Mast cells are known to play an active role as effector cells in allergic inflammation and in diverse immunological and pathological processes. Activated mast cell‐derived pro‐inflammatory cytokine...

Mi-Sun Kim

Papers

Involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase and NF-κB activation in Ca2+-induced IL-8 production in human mast cells

Poncirus trifoliata fruit induces apoptosis in human promyelocytic leukemia cells.

Inhibitory Effect of Water‐Soluble Chitosan on TNF‐α and IL‐8 Secretion from HMC‐1 Cells

Madimadi, Korean folk medicine, blocks TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8 production by activated human immune cells

Ameliorative effect of atractylenolide III in the mast cell proliferation induced by TSLP.